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You are here Biopharmaceutical/ Genomic Glossary homepage > Biology >Pharmaceutical proteins Proteins glossary & taxonomy
Biology & chemistry term index: Related glossaries include
Biologics
Proteomics,
Protein informatics
amino acid receptors: Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA- AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition. MeSH, 1993 amino acid sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. MeSH, 1966-1999 Related terms: Sequencing sequence homology amino terminus: Narrower term: N-terminus. Compare carboxyl terminus. amino terminus domain: In protein-protein interactions, the N-terminal domain binds to specific DNA sequences. [S. Fields and O. Song “Novel genetic system to detect protein- protein interactions” Nature 340:245-246 July 20 1989 amino acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha- amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. MeSH
A building block of proteins. There are 20 different kinds of amino
acids; a protein consists of a specific sequence of amino acids. NIGMS
Pyrrolysine was found in the sequences of three enzymes which participate in the production of methane in the archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri: mono-, di- and trimethylamine methyltransferases. Like selenocysteine, it is coded from a stop codon, though this time the UAG or amber codon, and sports its own tRNA. Life's jokers, Vivienne Baillie Gerritsen, Bio.com, 2002 The "classical" amino acids are naturally occurring ones. Others have been synthesized. Related term: proteins - numbers of cell surface receptors: Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693- 695). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands. MeSH, 1994 characterization - protein: Some of the information that can be gathered from a protein chip based characterization includes: post translational modification: phosphorylation, glycosylation, biotinylation, ADP-ribosylation (Cardone et al. 1998) C-terminal sequencing, epitope (binding site) mapping (Hinshelwood et al. 1999) . [what is this from?] Broader term: characterization Biomolecules C-terminus: The residue that has a free carboxyl group, or at least does not acylate another amino acid residue, (it may, for example, acylate ammonia to give -NH-CHR-CO-NH2), is called C-terminal. IUPAC Bioinorganic “amino acid residue in a polypeptide” Also called the carboxyl terminus. carboxyl terminus: See C terminus. Contrast with N-terminus. carboxyl terminus domain: In protein- protein interactions, the C- terminal domain contains acidic regions necessary to activate transcription factors. S Fields and O Song “Novel genetic system” Nature 340: 245-246 July 20 1989
cytokine:
The term lymphokine was originally used
to denote products of lymphocytes,1 but
Cohen et al.2 coined the word
cytokine to emphasize the point that these factors need not be made by one
specific cell source. This was an important insight, because many
immunologically relevant cytokines are made by nonlymphoid cells. Later,
the term interleukin was introduced to emphasize the importance of these
factors in communication between leukocytes.3 Although
this designation has remained in use, it is similarly inaccurate. Many of
the polypeptides designated interleukins can also be made by or act on
nonhematopoietic cells. Cytokines can be defined operationally as
polypeptides secreted by leukocytes and other cells that act principally
on hematopoietic cells, and whose effects
include modulation of immune and inflammatory responses. However, there
are clear exceptions to even this broad definition. Some definitions
distinguish cytokines from hormones and growth factors, which act on
nonhematopoietic cells. Thus, cytokines are typically characterized as
factors made by more than one cell type and act locally, whereas hormones
are secreted by specialized cells and act at a distance on a restricted
set of target cells. Consequently, the boundary between cytokines and
hormones is rather indistinct. In fact, classic hormones such as growth
hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and erythropoietin (EPO) are clearly
cytokines, as is one of the newest hormones, leptin, as evidenced by the
type of receptor they bind and
their modes of signaling.
Cytokines and cytokine receptors
John O'shea, ... Richard Siegel, in Clinical
Immunology (Third Edition), 2008
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/lymphokine
enzymes:
Pharmaceutical
biology lymphokines:
a subset of cytokines that
are produced by a type of immune
cell known as
a lymphocyte.[1] They
are protein mediators typically produced by T
cellsto direct
the immune system response by signaling between its cells. Lymphokines
have many roles, including the attraction of other immune cells,
including macrophages and
other lymphocytes, to an infected site and their subsequent activation to
prepare them to mount an immune response. Circulating lymphocytes can
detect a very small concentration of lymphokine and then move up the
concentration gradient towards where the immune response is required.
Lymphokines aid B
cellsto
produce , antibodies. Important lymphokines secreted by the T
helper cell include:[2]
Interleukin 2
,
Interleukin 3,
Interleukin 4,
Interleukin 5,
Interleukin 6,
Granulocyte-macrophage
colony-stimulating factor,
Interferon-gamma,
Wikipedia accessed 2018
March 12
methylation:
Attachment of methyl groups (-CH3) to DNA most commonly at cytosine residues. May be involved in regulation of gene expression. Also may prevent some restriction endonucleases from cutting DNA at their recognition sites.
Schlwindlein
N-terminus:
The
residue in a peptide that has an amino group
that is free, or at least not acylated by another amino acid residue (it
may, for example, be acylated or formylated), is called N-terminal; it
is the N-terminus. IUPAC Bioinorganic Also called the
amino terminus. peptidome, peptidomics: -Omes & -omics phosphorylation: A process involving the transfer of a phosphate group (catalyzed by enzymes) from a donor to a suitable acceptor;. IUPAC Bioinorganic Broader term: post- translational modifications poly A: A group of adenine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each adenine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties. MeSH, 1976 polyadenylation: The addition of a tail of polyadenylic acid (POLY A) to the 3' end of mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). Polyadenylation involves recognizing the processing site signal, (AAUAAA), and cleaving of the mRNA to create a 3' OH terminal end to which poly A polymerase (POLYNUCLEOTIDE ADENYLTRANSFERASE) adds 60- 200 adenylate residues. The 3' end processing of some messenger RNAs, such as histone mRNA, is carried out by a different process that does not include the addition of poly A as described here. MeSH, 2002 During the maturation of messenger RNA, about 200 adenosine nucleotides are added in a polyadenylation reaction at the 3' end. These are not coded by the corresponding gene. In certain cases there are multiple alternative polyadenylation sites in the primary transcript. This was first observed in adenoviruses [127 - 131]. In cellular genes many alternative polyadenylation sites have also been found [see 132 for review]. Alternative polyadenylation sites usually involve the untranslated trailer sequence in the messenger RNA, but they can also involve translated sequences, and in this case they can affect the structure of the encoded protein. Thus multiple polyadenylation sites are one mechanism whereby a single gene can control the synthesis of more than one polypeptide. Petter Portin in "The Origin, Development and Present Status of the Concept of the Gene: A Short Historical Account of the Discoveries" Univ. of Turku, Finland, Current Genomics, 2000 http://www.bentham.org/cg/sample/cg1-1/Portin.pdf polypeptides: Biomolecules Protein categories prenylation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenylation primary structure: In the context of macromolecules such as proteins, the constitutional formula, usually abbreviated to a statement of the sequence and if appropriate cross- linking of chains. IUPAC Compendium See also amino acid sequence.
proteasome:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasome
protein nomenclature:
Nomenclature protein transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport. MeSH, 2001 proteins: Naturally occurring and synthetic polypeptides having molecular weights greater than about 10,000 (the limit is not precise). IUPAC Compendium Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. MeSH Proteins provide the critical link between genes and disease, and as such are the key to understanding of basic biological processes including disease pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. The pervasiveness of protein function and their potential for therapeutic intervention are attracting increasing attention from the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.
Proteins are the main catalysts, structural elements, signaling messengers
and molecular machines of biological tissues. David Eisenberg et al. “Protein
function in the post-genomic era” Nature 405: 823-826, 15 June 2000
residue: When two or more amino acids combine to form a peptide, the elements of water are removed, and what remains of each amino acid is called an amino acid residue. IUPAC Bioinorganic Related terms C-terminus, N-terminus ubiquitin: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin ubiquitin
as a drug target, ubiquitin proteosome
system: Drug targets
Proteins resources How to look for other unfamiliar terms IUPAC definitions are reprinted with the permission of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. |
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