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Pharmaceutical Protein categories & taxonomy
Evolving Terminology for Emerging Technologies
Comments? Questions?
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mchitty@healthtech.com
Last revised
July 09, 2019
Biology term index:
Protein categories is a sub-category of Proteins,
Related glossaries include Protein informatics,
Protein
Structures
Protein
Technologies Proteomics and
Proteomic
categories
adaptor
proteins: A class of proteins involved in the
transport of molecules via TRANSPORT
VESICLES. They perform functions such as binding to the cell membrane,
capturing cargo molecules and promoting the assembly of CLATHRIN.
The majority of adaptor proteins exist as multisubunit complexes, however
monomeric varieties have also been found. MeSH 2003
antifreeze proteins:
Proteins that bind to ice and modify the growth of ice crystals. They perform a cryoprotective role in a variety of organisms.
MeSH, 2001
basic proteins:
Alkaline proteins, pI approximately above 7.0-7.5
pH. carrier
proteins: Transport proteins that
carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. MeSH, 1973
Narrower
term: membrane transport proteins
checkpoint control proteins:
Proteins that control passage through
critical stages of the cell cycle, these might, for example, halt passage
through the cell cycle in the case of DNA damage.
chemokines:
Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and
activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural
branches: C; (CHEMOKINES, C); CC; (CHEMOKINES, CC); and CXC; (CHEMOKINES, CXC);
according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. MeSH 1996 Related term: Drug
targets GPCRs
chromosomal proteins:
Protein which is associated with
chromosomal DNA, including histones, protamines and high mobility group
proteins.
UNI-PROT KnowledgeBase keywords
http://www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/keywlist.pl
Swiss
Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva Switzerland, European Bioinformatics
Institute, Hinxton, UK, PIR Protein Information Resource, 2011
chromosomal proteins, non-histone:
Nucleoproteins which in
contrast to histones are acid insoluble. They are involved in chromosomal
functions; e.g. they bind selectively to DNA, stimulate transcription resulting
in tissue- specific RNA synthesis and undergo specific changes in response to
various hormones or phytomitogens. MeSH, 1977
chimera protein:
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_%28protein%29
complex proteins:
Complex proteins usually have more than one folding
domain, each involving a sequence of 100 to 300 amino acids. The entire folding
architecture of a complex protein must be precisely constructed in order for
protein functionality to exist. Science Week 1998
A protein that contains a
simple protein and at least one molecule of another substance, as a
glycoprotein, lipoprotein, nucleoprotein, or hemoglobin. Mosby's Medical Dictionary,
8th edition. © 2009, Elsevier.
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/complex+protein
Is there a precise definition of complex proteins? Ones with more
than two disulfide bonds? More than one folding domain? The Nature
issue with the
human genome sequence noted that "Humans have an unusually high number of
complex proteins that fit into more than one functional category".
Various sources describe categories of "simple proteins" and
"conjugated proteins" and "derived proteins" Enzymes are
identified as complex proteins. Not the same as protein complexes
constitutive proteins:
Proteins produced in fixed amounts, regardless of the organism's need for
them. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary Related term? housekeeping proteins
cytokines:
Non- antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory
leukocytes and some non- leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators.
They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number
of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally
act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. MeSH, 1991
Not really different from hormones, but the term tends to be used as
a convenient generic shorthand for interleukins, lymphokines and several
related signalling molecules such as TNF [Tumor Necrosis Factor] and interferons … Rather an imprecise
term, though in very common usage. Lackie
Horst Ibelgauft's Cytokines Online Pathfinder
Encyclopaedia,
http://www.cells-talk.com/
Related term: Drug discovery
& development cytokine based therapeutics
Narrower
terms: interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, transforming growth
factor-beta, hematopoietic growth factors, chemokines, chemotactic cytokines
designer
proteins: Protein design is
currently used for the creation of new proteins with desirable traits. In
our lab, we focus on the synthesis of proteins with high essential amino
acid content having potential applications in animal nutrition. One of the
limitations we face in this endeavour is achieving stable proteins despite
a highly biased amino acid content. We report here the synthesis and
characterisation of two mutants derived from our MB-1 designer protein.
Williams M, Gagnon MC, Doucet A, Beauregard M, "Design
of high essential amino acid proteins: two design strategies for improving
protease resistance of the nutritious MB-1 protein"
Journal of Biotechnology 94(3): 245- 254, Apr. 11, 2002
Designer proteins can
also refer to high- protein nutritional supplements.
DNA-Binding proteins:
Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and
single- stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.
MeSH, 1984
factitious protein: A product of genetic engineering; a protein
designed for a specific purpose or for its expected properties. [Glick]
Factitious implies not natural or contrived.
fibrous proteins: Family of proteins which include
collagen and keratin. Insoluble.
fluorescent
proteins:
Using fluorescence is turning into one of the premier technologies
for drug discovery. To tap the full potential of these new and exciting
opportunities, many challenges still need to be addressed: How to increase the
stability of cell lines expressing fluorescent proteins; how to increase drug
screening by using better disease models utilizing FP’s in whole organisms;
how to develop better tools to enhance the high-throughput applications; and how
to improve effectiveness while lowering costs. Related terms:
Labels
Signaling & Detection
full-length proteins: Compare truncation
fusion
protein:
defined
as a multifunctional protein derived from a single nucleotide sequence
which may contain 2 or more genes or portions of genes with or without
amino acid linker sequences. The genes should originally code for separate
proteins, both with pharmacological action (e.g., action and targeting). https://www.ama-assn.org/about/fusion-protein-nomenclature
gatekeeper protein: A protein that monitors transfer of a protein
from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and prevents transfer
of newly synthesized proteins with inappropriate conformations or with
unpaired thiol groups. Glick
globular proteins:
Water soluble proteins. Narrower
term: enzymes
glycoproteins: Conjugated protein- carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.
MeSH
Glycoproteins are complexes in which carbohydrates are attached covalently to asparagine (N-glycans) or
serine/ threonine (O-glycans) residues of peptides. "Glycoproteins:
How are glycoprotein sugar chains functioning within us", Glycoforum, Japan
2001 http://www.glycoforum.gr.jp/science/word/glycoprotein/GPA00E.html
growth factors:
This collective term originally referred to substances that promote cell growth. It is used rather loosely now, comprising molecules that function
as growth stimulators (mitogens) but also as growth inhibitors (sometimes referred to as negative
growth factors ), factors that stimulate cell
migration (see: Motogenic cytokines ) or function as chemotactic agents (see also: Chemotaxis ) or inhibit cell migration or invasion of tumor
cells, factors that modulate differentiated functions of cells, factors involved in
apoptosis , or factors that promote survival of cells without
influencing growth and differentiation. ... In many instances the term is used as a synonym for
cytokines. Horst Ibelgauft's Cytokines Online Pathfinder Encyclopaedia
http://www.cells-talk.com/
Narrower term IGF-1 Insulin like Growth Factor
Compare cytokines
GTP-binding proteins:
Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1
MeSH, 1997 Is this different from G- proteins?
heat shock proteins:
Proteins which are synthesized in eukaryotic
organisms and bacteria in response to hyperthermia and other environmental
stresses. They increase thermal tolerance and perform functions essential
to cell survival under these conditions. MeSH, 1984
housekeeping proteins:
Highly expressed proteins > 10,000 copies
per cell. Blackstock & Weir “Proteomics” Trends in Biotechnology:
121 Mar 1999
Universal proteins. Not the proteins of greatest interest,
which are often of low abundance. Compare luxury proteins
hub
proteins:
Most
proteins interact with only a few other proteins while a small number of
proteins (hubs) have many interaction partners. Hub proteins and non-hub
proteins differ in several respects; however, understanding is not complete
about what properties characterize the hubs and set them apart from proteins of
low connectivity.
What properties characterize the hub proteins of the protein-protein
interaction network of Saccharomyces cerevisiae?
Diana
Ekman, Sara Light, Åsa K Björklund and Arne Elofsson* Genome
Biology 2006,
7:R45 doi:10.1186/gb-2006-7-6-r45
http://genomebiology.com/2006/7/6/r45
hyperthermal
proteins:
Many microorganisms live in extreme
environments such as hyperthermal vents, volcanoes, salty lakes, hot springs,
and frozen glaciers. The objective of this program is to discover the structural
and biochemical basis for understanding the unusual stabilities and biochemical
properties of the proteins from these organisms, and to find their application
for industrial and medical purposes. Rosalind Kim, Physical Biosciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab US http://pbd.lbl.gov/PBD_web_site/web_site/html/about/people/kim-r.html
hydrophobic proteins:
Repel water. Related term membrane
proteins.
hypothetical proteins:
a protein whose
existence has been predicted,
but for which there is a lack of experimental evidence that it is expressed in
vivo. Sequencing of several genomes has resulted in numerous predicted open
reading frames to which functions cannot be readily assigned. These proteins,
either orphan or conserved hypothetical proteins, make up ~ 20% to 40% of
proteins encoded in each newly sequenced genome.[1] Even
when there is enough evidence that the product of the gene is expressed, by
techniques such as microarray and mass-spectrometry, it is difficult to assign a
function to it given its lack of identity to protein sequences with annotated
biochemical function. Nowadays, most protein sequences are inferred from
computational analysis of genomic DNA
sequence. Hypothetical proteins are created by gene
prediction software during genome analysis.
Wikipedia accessed 2018 Oct 16
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetical_protein
immediate-early proteins:
Proteins that are coded by
immediate- early genes, in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. The term was originally used exclusively for viral regulatory proteins that were synthesized just after viral integration into the host cell. It is also used to describe cellular proteins which are synthesized immediately after the resting cell is stimulated by extracellular signals.
MeSH, 1994
immunoglobulin Ig:
A protein of the globulin- type found in serum or other body fluids that possesses
antibody activity. An individual Ig molecule is built up from two light (L) and two heavy (H) polypeptide chains linked together by disulfide bonds. Igs are divided into five classes based on antigenic
and structural differences in the H chains. IUPAC Compendium
Glycoproteins present in the blood (ANTIBODIES) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN
M). MeSH, 1972 Related term:
Gene categories immunoglobulin
genes
Integral membrane proteins,
also called intrinsic proteins, have
one or more segments that are embedded in thephospholipid
bilayer. Most integral proteins contain residues with hydrophobic side
chains that interact with fatty acyl groups of the membrane phospholipids,
thus anchoring the protein to
the membrane. Most integral proteins span the entire phospholipid bilayer.
These transmembrane proteins contain one or more membrane-spanning
domains as well as domains, from four to several hundred residues long,
extending into the aqueous medium on each side of the bilayer. In all the
transmembrane proteins examined to date, the membrane-spanning domains are
α helices or multiple β strands. In contrast, some integral proteins are
anchored to one of the membrane leaflets by covalently bound fatty acids,
as discussed later. In these proteins, the bound fatty
acid is embedded in the membrane, but the polypeptide chain
does not enter the phospholipid bilayer. Molecular Cell Biology 4th
ed. Membrane Proteins
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21570/
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_membrane_protein
See also
under membrane proteins
interferons:
A class of glycoproteins (with sugar groups attached at specific locations) important in immune function. They are able to inhibit the multiplication of viruses in cells.
IUPAC Biotech, IUPAC Compendium
Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions.
MeSH, 1983
low-abundance proteins:
Often the proteins of greatest interest,
but difficult to detect because more abundant proteins predominate.
luxury proteins:
When specialized differentiated cells are
formed, another set of proteins is synthesized, which are commonly known as
luxury proteins http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v70/full/70050612.html
Compare housekeeping proteins
membrane proteins: Drug
Targets
membrane transport
proteins: Membrane proteins whose primary function is to
facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in
this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL
TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS. MeSH 2002
Classification,
glossary of membrane transport proteins,
IUBMB International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2002, 13
definitions http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/mtp/intro.html#glossary
Are there any
transport proteins which are not membrane proteins? Broader term:
carrier proteins
mitochondrial proteins:
Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the MITOCHONDRIA.
MeSH, 2002
See also under Proteomic
categories mitochondrial proteome
moonlighting proteins:
A protein that has more
than one independent function. Petsko, Gregory A. 2001. Size doesn't
matter. Genome Biology 2:1003.1-1003.2
mosaic proteins: Proteins with many (often repeated) domains
are termed mosaic proteins. These domains or modules may be considered
to be connected units which are independent in terms of their structure,
function and folding behaviour. Principles of protein structure
using the Internet, Dept. of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, Univ. of
London, UK 1997-98
Mosaic proteins,
Birkbeck College, Univ. of
London http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/PPS2/course/section10/mosaic.html
naked proteins:
(informal, biochemistry) Any
protein that normally exists combined with another entity (metal, carbohydrate or lipid etc),
free from its normal attachment. Wiktionary
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/naked_protein
Related? term: naked DNA
nuclear proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not
confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids,
that are not necessarily present in the nucleus. MeSH, 1988
Any
other way of characterizing?
nucleoproteins: Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids. MeSH
oncogene proteins:
Proteins coded by oncogenes. They include proteins resulting from the fusion of an oncogene and another gene (ONCOGENE PROTEINS, FUSION).
MeSH, 1993
orphan proteins: those proteins
that do not have significant sequence identity(>10%) with other known
proteins. Bioinformatics.Org general forum
http://www.bioinformatics.org/pipermail/bbb/2005-July/002624.html
Proteins without sequence (and/or structural?) similarity to previously
characterized proteins.
peripheral membrane proteins, or extrinsic proteins,
do not interact with the hydrophobic core
of the phospholipid
bilayer. Instead they are usually bound to the membrane indirectly
by interactions with integral membrane proteins or directly by
interactions with lipid polar head
groups. Peripheral proteins localized to the cytosolic
face of the plasma
membrane include the cytoskeletal proteins spectrin and actin in
erythrocytes (Chapter 18) and the enzyme proteinkinase C.
This enzyme shuttles between the cytosol and
the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane and plays a role in signal
transduction (Chapter 20). Other peripheral proteins, including certain
proteins of the extracellular
matrix, are localized to the outer (exoplasmic) surface of the plasma
membrane. Molecular Cell Biology 4th ed. Membrane Proteins
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21570/
polypeptides: Peptides containing ten or more amino acids. IUPAC
Compendium
polyproteins: Proteins which are synthesized as a single polymer and then cleaved into several distinct proteins.
MeSH, 2000
probable protein (similarity):
When a protein exhibits extensive sequence similarity to a characterised protein
and/ or has the same conserved regions then the label ‘probable' is used in the DE line.
"SWISS- PROT" in Introduction to Molecular Biology Databases, R.
Apweiler, R. Lopez, B. Marx, 1999
https://www.iop.vast.ac.vn/theor/conferences/smp/1st/kaminuma/SWISSPROT/mbd1.html
Related term: putative protein
proteases:
Enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of proteins. Usually several
proteolytic enzymes are necessary for the complete breakdown of polypeptides to their amino acids.
IUPAC Biotech, IUPAC Compendium
protein complex or multi protein
complex: a group of two or more associated polypeptide
chains. Different polypeptide chains
may have different functions. This is distinct from a multienzyme complex,
in which multiple catalytic
domains are found in a single
polypeptide chain.[1]
Protein complexes are a form of quaternary
structure. Proteins in
a protein complex are linked by non-covalent protein–protein
interactions, and different protein
complexes have different degrees of stability over time. These complexes
are a cornerstone of many (if not most) biological processes and together
they form various types of molecular
machinery that perform a vast array
of biological functions. The cell is seen to be composed of modular
supramolecular complexes, each of which performs an independent, discrete
biological function.[2]
Wikipedia accessed 2018 Feb
20
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_complex
putative proteins:
Hypothetical and putative protein are predicted sequences, means the functional
expression are not yet shown in experimental studies. Relatively, hypothetical
proteins have weaker reliability than putative ones …Putative
proteins are identified in similar manner [to hypothetical] [ but they share
sequence similarity to an extent with characterized proteins. Usually, the
similarity will be only in their conserved amino acid residues and no other
significant region will be similar to annotated proteins. Unknown proteins are
predicted and experimentally proven to exist but are not biochemically
characterized or they cannot be linked to a known gene.
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_the_difference_between_hypothetical_protein_putative_protein_and_unknown_protein
Related term probable protein (similarity)
recombinant proteins:
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. MeSH, 1986 Related
term: genetic recombination
regulatory proteins: Any
protein that influences the regions of a DNA molecule that are transcribed by
RNA polymerase during the process of transcription.
These proteins, which include transcription
factors, therefore help control the synthesis of proteins in cells.
Encyclopedia.com
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/regulatory-protein
repressor proteins:
Proteins which are normally bound to the operator locus of an operon, thereby preventing transcription of the structural genes. In enzyme induction, the substrate of the inducible enzyme binds to the repressor protein, causing its release from the operator and freeing the structural genes for transcription. In enzyme repression, the end product of the enzyme sequence binds to the free repressor protein, the resulting complex then binds to the operator and prevents transcription of the structural genes.
MeSH, 1991
RING finger proteins:
Display a series of histidine and cysteine
residues with a characteristic spacing that allows the coordination of two zinc
ions. RING finger domains are found in many proteins and have been implicated in
various cellular functions. RINGs presumably do not function as chemical
catalysts but as molecular scaffolds that bring together other proteins such as
E3 ubiquitin ligases with E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes and the corresponding
substrate. Apoptopedia, Cell Death Encyclopedia, 2001 http://www.celldeath.de/encyclo/index/r.htm
K.L. Lorick, J.P. Jensen, S.Y. Fang, A.M. Ong, S. Hatakeyama, A.M. Weissman,
"RING fingers mediate ubiquitin- conjugating enzyme (E2)-dependent
ubiquitination," PNAS Proceedings from the National Academy of Sciences, 96(20):
11364- 11369, Sept. 28, 1999
C.A.P. Joazeiro, S.S. Wing, H.K. Huang, J.D. Leverson, T. Hunter, Y.C. Liu,
"The tyrosine kinase negative regulator c-Cbl as a RING- type, E2-dependent
ubiquitin- protein ligase," Science, 286: 309- 312, Oct. 8, 1999
RING stands for really interesting new gene http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RING_finger_domain
secreted proteins:
Encoded (usually) by genes with signal sequences,
and such proteins include potential therapeutic proteins such as hormones,
cytokines, and growth factors.
structural homology
protein:
The degree of 3-dimensional shape similarity between proteins. It
can be an indication of distant AMINO
ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and used for rational DRUG
DESIGN. MeSH 2003
structural proteins: Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Structural_proteins
Contrast with nonstructural proteins.
transport proteins: See
membrane transport proteins. Are
there any transport proteins which are not membrane proteins?
transcription factors: Sequences,
DNA & beyond
truncation:
Elimination
of the N- or C-terminal portion of a protein by proteolysis or
manipulation of the structural gene, or premature termination of protein elongation due
to the presence of a termination codon in its structural gene as a result of a nonsense mutation. Genscript Glossary
https://www.genscript.com/molecular-biology-glossary/3024/truncation
Compare full length proteins
ubiquitins: A family of proteins that are structurally-related to Ubiquitin. Ubiquitins and
ubiquitin- like proteins participate in diverse cellular functions, such as protein degradation and
HEAT- SHOCK RESPONSE, by conjugation to other proteins. MeSH,
2002
whole proteome interaction mining:
A
major post- genomic scientific and technological pursuit is to describe the
functions performed by the proteins encoded by the genome. One strategy is to
first identify the protein- protein interactions in a proteome, then determine
pathways and overall structure relating these interactions, and finally to
statistically infer functional roles of individual proteins. Although huge
amounts of genomic data are at hand, current experimental protein interaction
assays must overcome technical problems to scale- up for high- throughput
analysis. In the meantime, bioinformatics approaches may help bridge the
information gap required for inference of protein function. JR Bock, DA Gough, Whole-
proteome interaction mining, Bioinformatics 19(1) :125- 134, Jan. 2003
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12499302
wild-type proteins:
Native proteins, as found in the wild. This
seems analagous to wild- type [genes] Genetic
variations. Are there any other implications?
Zinc Finger Proteins ZFP:
A domain, found in certain DNA- binding
proteins, comprising a helix- loop structure in which a zinc ion is coordinated
to 2- 4 cysteine sulfurs, the remaining ligands being histidines.
In many proteins of this type the domain is repeated several times. IUPAC
Bioinorganic
ZFPs are
naturally occurring, zinc- containing DNA- binding proteins that serve as transcription
factors. Researchers have discovered the rules by which ZFPs recognize
specific DNA sequences. This knowledge allows them to rapidly generate proteins
that selectively regulate target genes of interest. Genetic constructs that code
for these ZFPs can be transfected into cells in culture or into animals,
resulting in the downregulation or upregulation of target genes.
Proteins
resources
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Compendium of Chemical Terminology: Recommendations, compiled
by Alan D. McNaught and Andrew Wilkinson, Blackwell Science, 1997. "Gold
Book" 6,500+ definitions.
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Terms
used in Bioinorganic Chemistry, Recommendations, 1997. 450+ definitions. http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/bioinorg/
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary for
Chemists of terms used in biotechnology. Recommendations, Pure & Applied
Chemistry 64 (1): 143-168, 1992. 200 + definitions.
Lackie, JM and JAT Dow, Dictionary of Cell &
Molecular Biology, Academic Press, 3rd ed., 1999. 7,000+
definitions
"Proteins" Kimball's Biology Pages, John W. Kimball
http://biology-pages.info/
UNI-PROT KnowledgeBase keywords
http://www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/keywlist.pl
Swiss
Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva Switzerland, European Bioinformatics
Institute, Hinxton, UK, PIR Protein Information Resource, 2011, 800+ definitions.
How
to look for other unfamiliar terms
IUPAC definitions are reprinted with the permission of
the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. |
