|
Technologies
term index Related glossaries include Biomarkers
Labels, Signaling & Detection, Mass
Spectrometry, Microarrays Microscopy
NMR
& X-ray crystallography Molecular
Diagnostics Biology: Cells & Cell biology
2-photon: See two photon excitation.
3-photon: See three photon excitation
anisotrophy: See under Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy NSOM
Microscopy
biophotonic imaging:
A novel approach to
functional genomics, target validation, and drug screening and
preclinical
testing. Uses a bioluminescent reporter gene to tag a target of
interest - which can be a gene, a cell, or a microorganism - in a whole mouse.
Because light passes through tissue, the labeled mouse can be anesthetized and
photographed with a camera capable of detecting the bioluminescence. This method
can be used to label bacteria, infect an organism, and study the effect of
antibiotics on the infection, or the effects of various physiological conditions
or drugs that can modify response to infection. In oncology, this approach can
be used to label tumor cells and follow the effects of chemotherapeutic
treatments on the cancer. One can do assays both in cell culture and in
whole animals with a gene tagged with the same reporter, and one can follow
changes in gene expression in real time both in cell culture and in whole
animals.
biphotonic excitation:
Also called two-photon excitation. The simultaneous (coherent) absorption of two
photons (either same or different wavelength) the energy of
excitation being the sum of the energies of the two photons. IUPAC Photochemistry
brain
mapping: a set of neuroscience techniques
predicated on the mapping of (biological) quantities or properties onto
spatial representations of the (human or non-human) brain resulting
in maps.
According to the definition established in 2013 by Society for Brain
Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), brain mapping is specifically defined, in summary, as
the study of the anatomy and function of the brain and spinal
cord through the use of imaging,
immunohistochemistry, molecular & optogenetics, stem
cell and cellular
biology, engineering, neurophysiology and nanotechnology.
Wikipedia accessed 2018 August 24
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_mapping
Cancer imaging Program, NCI
The NCI Cancer Imaging Program fosters
advances in in vivo medical imaging sciences through support of basic and
applied research in cancer imaging as well as promotion of imaging in
clinical trials in order to gain greater understanding of the pathways of
cancer biology for the benefit of cancer patients and people at cancer
risk. https://imaging.cancer.gov/
CAT scan: See computed tomography
CCD Charged Coupled Device:
a device for the movement of electrical
charge, usually from within the device to an area where the charge can
be manipulated, for example conversion into a digital value. This is achieved by
"shifting" the signals between stages within the device one at a time. CCDs move
charge between capacitive bins in the device, with the shift allowing for
the transfer of charge between bins.
In recent years CCD has become a major technology for digital
imaging. In a CCD image
sensor, pixels are represented by p-doped metal-oxide-semiconductors (MOS)
capacitors. These capacitors are biased above the threshold for inversion when
image acquisition begins, allowing the conversion of incoming photons into
electron charges at the semiconductor-oxide interface; the CCD is then used to
read out these charges. Although CCDs are not the only technology to allow for
light detection, CCD image sensors are widely used in professional, medical, and
scientific applications where high-quality image data are required. In
applications with less exacting quality demands, such as consumer and
professional digital cameras, active pixel sensors, also known as
complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors (CMOS) are generally used; the large quality advantage CCDs enjoyed
early on has narrowed over time. Wikipedia accessed 2018 Aug 24
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device
circular dichroism spectroscopy: Is
observed when optically active matter absorbs left and right hand circular
polarized light slightly differently. It is measured with a CD
spectropolarimeter, which is relatively expensive (~$70k). ... CD
spectra for distinct types of secondary structure present in peptides, proteins
and nucleic acids are different. The analysis of CD spectra can therefore yield
valuable information about secondary structure of biological macromolecules.
Bernhard Rupp, Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy http://www.ruppweb.org/cd/cdtutorial.htm
computational
nanophotonics:
Broader
term: nanophotonics
confocal detection: See under Drug
discovery & development miniaturization uHTS
detector instrumentation::
Includes CCD cameras, lasers. See Labels,
signaling & detection glossary
for detection technologies.
dichroism:
In optics,
a dichroic material is either one which causes visible
light to be split up into distinct beams of different wavelengths (colours)
(not to be confused with dispersion), or one
in which light rays having different polarizations are
absorbed by different amounts.[1]
The original meaning of dichroic, from the Greek dikhroos,
two-coloured, refers to any optical device which can split a beam of light into
two beams with differing wavelengths. Such devices include mirrors and filters,
usually treated with optical
coatings, which are designed to reflect light over a certain range of
wavelengths, and transmit light which is outside that range. An example is the dichroic
prism, used in some camcorders,
which uses several coatings to split light into red, green and blue components
for recording on separate CCD
arrays, however it is now more common to have a Bayer
filter to filter individual pixels on a single CCD
array. This kind of dichroic device does not usually depend on the
polarization of the light. The term dichromatic is also used in this sense. The
second meaning of dichroic refers to the property of a material in which light
in different polarization states traveling through it experiences a different absorption coefficient;
this is also known as diattenuation. When the polarization states in question
are right and left-handed circular
polarization, it is then known as circular
dichroism. Since the left- and right-handed circular polarizations represent
two spin
angular momentum (SAM) states, in this case for a photon, this dichroism can
also be thought of as Spin Angular Momentum Dichroism. Wikipedia accessed 2018
Nov 8
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichroism
diffusion
tensor imaging: Determination
of axonal pathways provides an invaluable means to study the connectivity
of the human brain and its functional network. Diffusion tensor imaging
(DTI) is unique in its ability to capture the restricted diffusion of
water molecules which can be used to infer the directionality of tissue
components. In this paper, we introduce a white matter tractography method
based on anisotropic wavefront propagation in diffusion tensor images. A
front propagates in the white matter with a speed profile governed by the
isocontour of the diffusion tensor ellipsoid. By using the ellipsoid, we
avoid possible misclassification of the principal eigenvector in oblate
regions. Jackowski M, Kao CY, Qiu M, Constable RT, Staib LH.
White matter tractography by anisotropic
wavefront evolution and diffusion tensor imaging
Med Image Anal 9(5): 427- 440, Oct 2005
Broader term: MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI or DW-MRI):
the use of specific MRI
sequences as well as software that
generates images from the resulting data, that uses the diffusion of water
molecules to generate contrast in
MR images.[1][2][3] It
allows the mapping of the diffusion process
of molecules, mainly water, in biological
tissues, in
vivo and non-invasively. Molecular
diffusion in tissues is not free, but reflects interactions with many
obstacles, such as macromolecules,
fibers, and membranes.
Water molecule diffusion patterns can therefore reveal microscopic details
about tissue architecture, either normal or in a diseased state. A special
kind of DWI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), has been used extensively to
map white
matter tractography in
the brain. Wikipedia accessed 2018 Nov 8
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_MRI
Einstein:
One mole of photons. Although widely used, it is not an
IUPAC sanctioned unit. It is sometimes defined as the energy of one mole of
photons. This use is discouraged. IUPAC Photochemistry
excitation: Narrower terms: biphotonic excitation, three photon, two
photon
fiber optics, optical fibre:
<communications>
(fibre optics, FO, US "fiber", light pipe) A plastic or glass (silicon
dioxide) fibre no thicker than a human hair used to transmit information using
infra- red or even visible light as the carrier (usually a laser). The
light beam is an electromagnetic signal with a frequency in the range of 10^14
to 10^15 Hertz.
Optical fibre is less susceptible to external noise than other transmission
media, and is cheaper to make than copper wire, but it is much more difficult to
connect. Optical fibres are difficult to tamper with (to monitor or inject data
in the middle of a connection), making them appropriate for secure
communications. The light beams do not escape from the medium because the
material used provides total internal reflection. FOLDOC
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy:
is a correlation analysis of fluctuation of the fluorescence intensity.
The analysis provides parameters of the physics under the fluctuations. One of
the interesting applications of this is an analysis of the concentration
fluctuations of fluorescent particles (molecules) in solution. In this
application, the fluorescence emitted from a very tiny space in solution
containing a small number of fluorescent particles (molecules) is observed.
Wikipedia accessed 2018 Sept 2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_correlation_spectroscopy Related terms: Photon Correlation Spectroscopy; Ultrasensitivity
glossary single molecule...
fluorescence spectrometry:
Measurement of the intensity and quality
of fluorescence. MeSH, 1974
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy:
A spectroscopic technique
in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer
and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained. MeSH,
1994
Functional
Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI: a
technique for measuring brain activity. It works by detecting the changes in
blood oxygenation and flow that occur in response to neural activity – when a
brain area is more active it consumes more oxygen and to meet this increased
demand blood flow increases to the active area. http://psychcentral.com/lib/what-is-functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging-fmri
measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.[1][2] This
technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal
activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to
that region also increases.[3]
Wikipedia accessed 2018 Oct
18
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging
imaging
contrast agents: contrast
agent (or contrast medium) is a substance used
to increase the contrast of
structures or fluids within the body in medical
imaging.[1]Contrast
agents absorb or alter external electromagnetism or ultrasound, which is
different from radiopharmaceuticals,
which emit radiation themselves. In x-rays, contrast agents enhance the radiodensity in
a target tissue or structure. In MRI's, contrast agents shorten (or in
some instances increase) the relaxation times of nuclei within body
tissues in order to alter the contrast in the image. Contrast agents are
commonly used to improve the visibility of blood
vessels and the gastrointestinal
tract. Several types of contrast
agent are in use in medical imaging and they can roughly be classified
based on the imaging modalities where they are used. Most common contrast
agents work based on X-ray attenuation and
magnetic resonance signal enhancement. Wikipedia accessed 2018 Dec 2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_agent
imaging (photoimaging):
The use of a photosensitive system for the capture, recording, and retrieval of information associated with an object using electromagnetic
energy. IUPAC Photochemistry
Narrower terms: biophotonic imaging, functional
imaging, imaging - data mining, imaging contrast agents, imaging outcomes
measurement, in vivo imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI,
quantitating imaging data, receptor imaging, spectral imaging; Related terms: image
analysis - microarrays, image cytometry
in vivo
imaging:
The dynamic real-time localization and
translocation of molecules in living cells is an integral aspect of
cellular function. Scientists are pioneering new applications
for in vivo cellular and molecular imaging. These applications are based
on genetic engineering advances and improved imaging
technologies. In vivo imaging has become quantifiable, highly sensitive
and amenable to high-throughput study design. The high sensitivity and
utility of in vivo imaging, is exemplified by use of the Fluorescence
Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) method, which quantitates enzyme
activity, protein-protein interactions and second messenger dynamics.
Optical in vivo imaging methods are being applied in pre-clinical research
studies. Real time in vivo imaging studies in whole animals have been used
to track cell-based therapies, and monitor response to chemotherapies
(1). New England BioLabs, In Vivo Imaging
https://www.neb.com/applications/cellular-analysis/in-vivo-imaging
Infrared
spectroscopy: (IR
spectroscopy or vibrational spectroscopy) involves the interaction of infraredradiation
with matter.
It covers a range of techniques, mostly based on absorption
spectroscopy. As with all spectroscopic
techniques, it can be used to identify and study chemicals.
Wikipedia accessed 2018 Sept 2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy
laser:
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
This phenomenon is brought about using devices that transform light of
varying frequencies into a single intense, nearly nondivergent beam of
monochromatic radiation in the visible region. Lasers operate in the visible,
infrared, or ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. They are capable of producing
immense heat and power when focused at close range and are used in surgical
procedures, in diagnosis, and in physiologic studies. MeSH, 1965 Related terms: CCD, image analysis, scanning technology Narrower terms:
Microscopy
glossary Laser
Fluorescence Microscopy, laser scanning, laser scanning microscopy
Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy:
enables relatively gentle imaging of biological samples with high resolution in
three dimensions (3D) and over long periods of time. Especially when combined
with high-speed cameras, it is fast enough to capture cellular or subcellular
dynamics. For its potential for fast, relatively gentle, volumetric imaging of
biological samples, we have chosen light-sheet fluorescence microscopy as Method
of the Year 2014. Nature Methods Jan 2015 doi:10.1038/nmeth.3251 Published
online 30 December 2014 http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v12/n1/full/nmeth.3251.html
Live-Cell
Imaging See
high content
Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI:
Non- invasive method of demonstrating
internal anatomy based on the principle that hydrogen nuclei in a strong
magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them
as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images.
The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. MeSH, 1988
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy MRS: Spectroscopic method of
measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei,
protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR
Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING). MeSH, 1966
Narrower
terms: functional MRI, structural MRI Related term: diffusion tensor
imaging microimaging:
Cell technologies
micro-PET:
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear
imaging tool for molecular and functional imaging of biological processes.
While functional imaging is used to monitor parameters such as perfusion
and metabolic rate, molecular imaging is done to study and measure
cellular events like gene expression and receptor binding. The
miniaturized version of PET called the micro-PET is used in small animal
imaging. The development of micro-PET imaging has opened up new
possibilities for non-invasive and repetitive imaging of small animals in
preclinical studies. With the development of new probes and reporter
genes, the applications of micro-PET in research studies focusing on
enzyme activity, protein-protein interactions, metabolism, and gene
expression has been enhanced. Also, the results of small animal PET
imaging is extrapolatable and can be easily translated to the clinic.
Micro-PET can reduce the number of animals needed for experiments by
allowing non-invasive and serial studies. MicroPET principles strengths &
weaknesses 2018
https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Micro-PET-Principles-Strengths-and-Weaknesses.aspx
Broader term:
Positron Emission Tomography PET. See also under
nanomanufacturing
Miniaturization &
Nanoscience glossary
microscopy: Microscopy
glossary Narrower
terms: include atomic force microscopy AFM, Confocal Scanning Laser Scanning
Microscopy CLSM, confocal microscopy, electron microscopy, fluorescence
microscopy, ion microscopy, Laser Fluorescence Microscopy LFM, laser scanning
microscopy, Multiphoton Laser Scanning Microscopy MLSM, Magnetic Resonance Force
Microscopy MRFM, multiple- photon excitation fluorescence microscopy, Near-
field Scanning Optical Microscopy NSOM, Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM,
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy STEM, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
STM, scanning probe microscopy, Surface Plasmon Resonance microscopy, Total
Internal Reflectance Fluorescence Microscopy TIR-FM, Transmission Electron
Microscopy TEM, two- photon Laser Fluorescence Microscopy
molecular imaging:
can be broadly defined as the in vivo characterization and measurement of
biologic processes at the cellular and molecular levels. In
contradistinction to “conventional” diagnostic imaging, it sets forth to
probe the specific molecular abnormalities that are the basis of disease.
Glossary of Molecular Imaging Terminology,
Douglas J
Wagenaar, Ralph Weissleder, Arne Hengerer,
Academic Radiology May 2001
http://www.academicradiology.org/article/S1076-6332(03)80549-4/fulltext
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1076-6332(03)8054
Molecular imaging originated from the field of radiopharmacology due
to the need to better understand fundamental molecular pathways inside
organisms in a noninvasive manner. ..Molecular Imaging emerged in the mid
twentieth century as a discipline at the intersection of molecular biology
and in vivo imaging. It enables the visualisation of the cellular function
and the follow-up of the molecular process in living organisms without
perturbing them. The multiple and numerous potentialities of this field
are applicable to the diagnosis of diseases such as cancer, and
neurological and cardiovascular diseases. This technique also contributes
to improving the treatment of these disorders by optimizing the
pre-clinical and clinical tests of new medication. They are also expected
to have a major economic impact due to earlier and more precise diagnosis.
Wikipedia accessed 2018 Oct 18 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_imaging
Multi-isotope Imaging Mass
Spectrometry MIMS: Mass spectrometry glossary
NAMIC National
Alliance for Medical Image Computing:
A multi-
institutional, interdisciplinary team of computer scientists, software
engineers, and medical investigators who develop computational tools for the
analysis and visualization of medical image data. The purpose of the center is
to provide the infrastructure and environment for the development of
computational algorithms and open source technologies, and then oversee the
training and dissemination of these tools to the medical research community.
2004 http://www.na-mic.org/
nanophotonics or nano-optics is
the study of the behavior of light on
the nanometer scale, and of the interaction of
nanometer-scale objects with light. It is a branch of optics, optical engineering, electrical engineering, and nanotechnology.
It often (but not exclusively) involves metallic components, which can
transport and focus light via surface plasmon polaritons.
The term "nano-optics", just like the term "optics", usually refers to
situations involving ultraviolet, visible,
and near-infrared light (free-space
wavelengths from 300 to 1200 nanometers). Wikipedia accessed 2018 Aug 24
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanophotonics
Narrower term:
computational nanophotonics
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering:
The mission of the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging
and Bioengineering (NIBIB) is to improve health by leading the development and
accelerating the application of biomedical technologies. The Institute is
committed to integrating the physical and engineering sciences with the life
sciences to advance basic research and medical care. This is achieved through:
research and development of new biomedical imaging and bioengineering techniques
and devices to fundamentally improve the detection, treatment, and prevention of
disease; enhancing existing imaging and bioengineering modalities; supporting
related research in the physical and mathematical sciences; encouraging research
and development in multidisciplinary areas; supporting studies to assess the
effectiveness and outcomes of new biologics, materials, processes, devices, and
procedures; developing technologies for early disease detection and assessment
of health status; and developing advanced imaging and engineering techniques for
conducting biomedical research at multiple scales. NIBIB Mission and
History
https://www.nibib.nih.gov/about-nibib/mission
Near InfraRed spectroscopy NIR:
Cell technologies
nuclear medicine:
The medical specialty that involves the use of
radioactive isotopes in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Radiochemistry
Society http://www.radiochemistry.org/nuclearmedicine/definition.htm
.
A specialty field of radiology concerned with diagnostic, therapeutic, and
investigative use of radioactive compounds. MeSH 1967
a medical specialty
that uses radioactive tracers (radiopharmaceuticals) to assess bodily
functions and to diagnose and treat disease. Specially designed cameras
allow doctors to track the path of these radioactive tracers. Single Photon Emission Computed
Tomography or SPECT and Positron
Emission Tomography or PET scans are the two most common imaging
modalities in nuclear medicine. Nuclear Medicine, NIH National Institute
of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
https://www.nibib.nih.gov/science-education/science-topics/nuclear-medicine
optical biosensors:
Include evanescent waves, fiber optical
chemical sensors; Related terms: Labels, signaling & detection glossary
optical laser spectroscopy: See fluorescence, Raman
optoelectronics: The
terms Electro-optics, Optoelectronics and Photonics are used to describe these
subjects with no clear and universally accepted differentiation between the
terms. Although Photonics could be restricted to the manipulation of Photons and
Optoelectronics the combining of Photons and electrons with Electro-optics is a
special case of Optoelectronics. The most probable introduction of the terms is
time dependent, Electro-optic was used in the 1960s especially by the military
and indeed defence related industry still uses the term. Optoelectronics
appeared in the 1980s evidenced by its use by the Optoelectronics Industry and
Technology Development Association (OITDA) of Japan founded in 1980, Photonics
gaining common usage in the late 1990s. Scottish Optoelectrnics Association What
is optoelectronics?
http://optoelectronics.org.uk/what-is-optoelectronics/
phosphorimagers: Microarrays glossary
Photo Multiplier Tube PMT:
A vacuum phototube with additional amplification by electron
multiplication . It consists of a photocathode, a series of dynodes, called a dynode chain on which
a secondary- electron multiplication process occurs, and an anode. According to the desired
response time, transit time, time spread , gain, or low dark current, different types of dynode
structures have been developed, e.g. circular cage structure, linear focused structure, venetian
blind structure, box and grid structure . Some special dynode structures permit combination with
additional electric or magnetic fields The term vacuum photodiode is not recommended.
PART
XI:
Detection of Radiation IUPAC Recommendations 1995 Originally authored by K. Laqua, B. Schrader, D. S. Moore, and T.
Vo-Dinh http://old.iupac.org/reports/V/spectro/partXI.pdf
photochemistry:
Branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of ultraviolet,
visible, or infrared radiation. See also photochemical reaction.
IUPAC Photochemistry
photon:
The quantum of
electromagnetic energy at a given frequency. This energy, E=hv, is the
product of the Planck constant (h) and the frequency of the radiation
(v). IUPAC Photochemistry
Photon-Correlation Spectroscopy:
Involves the measurement of the dynamic fluctuations of the intensity of fluorescent or scattered light in a very small volume.
Brownian motion causes the fluctuations in local concentrations of molecules-
resulting in local inhomogeneities of fluorescence or refractive index from which details of molecular interactions
and diffusive behavior can be extracted. Potentially important applications include
determination
of macromolecule interactions (forward and reverse rates for complex formation) and translational
mobility in the cytoplasm of living cells. This method is also applicable to the study of
aggregating systems. The extension of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to
multi- photon excitation regimes is logical, since smaller, better- defined excitation volumes can be optically
interrogated. A limitation, and advantage, of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy methods is a
requirement for low probe concentrations. National Center for Research
Resources "Integrated Genomics Technologies Workshop Report" Jan
1999
photonics:
the physical
science of light (photon)
generation, detection, and manipulation through emission, transmission, modulation, signal
processing, switching, amplification,
and sensing.[1][2] Though
covering all light's
technical applications over the whole spectrum,
most photonic applications are in the range of visible and near-infrared light.
The term photonics developed as an outgrowth of the first practical
semiconductor light emitters invented in the early 1960s and optical
fibers developed in the 1970s. ..Photonics as a field began with the
invention of the laser in
1960. Other developments followed: the laser
diode in the 1970s, optical
fibers for transmitting information,
and the erbium-doped
fiber amplifier. These inventions
formed the basis for the telecommunications revolution of the late 20th
century and provided the infrastructure for the Internet.
Though coined earlier, the term photonics came into common use in the
1980s as fiber-optic data transmission was adopted by telecommunications
network operators ...photonics covers a huge range of science and
technology applications, including laser manufacturing, biological and
chemical sensing, medical diagnostics and therapy, display technology,
and optical
computing. Wikipedia accessed 2018
Oct 18
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonics
RP Photonics
Glossary
https://www.rp-photonics.com/glossary.html
Positron Emission Tomography PET:
a nuclear
medicine functional
imaging technique that is used to
observe metabolic processes in the body as an aid to the diagnosis of
disease. The system detects pairs of gamma
rays emitted indirectly by a positron-emitting radionuclide,
most commonly fluorine-18.
which is introduced into the body on a biologically active molecule called
a radioactive
tracer. Three-dimensional images of
tracer concentration within the body are then constructed by computer
analysis. In modern PET-CT scanners,
three-dimensional imaging is often accomplished with the aid of a CT
X-ray scan performed on the patient
during the same session, in the same machine. Wikipedia accessed
2018 Oct 18
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography
Complementary to the anatomic imaging modalities such as
computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Related terms:
molecular
imaging, SPECT.
Narrower terms: micro-PET, nano-PET
History of Positron Imaging,
A HISTORY OF POSITRON IMAGING
probe:
Probes used in atomic force and
scanning probe microscopy. How do these relate to the probes defined
in Gene amplification & PCR
and Microarrays.
quantum (of radiation):
An elementary particle of electromagnetic energy in the sense of
wave- particle
duality. See also photon. IUPAC Photochemistry
Raman scattering: See under Raman spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy:
Involves the coupling of incident light with the internal vibrational states of
molecules. Raman active transitions are about 12 orders of magnitude lower in intensity than
fluorescence transitions. However, at resonance, i.e.., when the exciting light is tuned to an
electronic absorption band of the molecule, the intensity of Raman scattering increases by as much
as 6 orders of magnitude. When molecules are adsorbed onto appropriate metal surfaces, such as
roughened silver, another 6 or more orders of magnitude increase in sensitivity is gained.
Adsorption of molecules onto colloidal metal particles has yielded enhancement factors of as much
as 15 orders of magnitude, permitting in advantageous cases single- molecule resonance (and non-
resonance) Raman spectrum detection. SERS Surface- enhanced Raman Scattering
is thus
viewed as a method with great potential for ultra- high resolution analysis of biological systems.
National Center for Research Resources "Integrated Genomics Technologies
Workshop Report" Jan 1999 Narrower term: SERS Surface- enhanced Raman Scattering
Raman spectrum analysis:
Analysis of the intensity of Raman scattering
of monochromatic light as a function of frequency of the scattered light. MeSH,
1977
Self-
Amplified Spontaneous Emission SASE: See under tunable lasers
Single-Photon Emission-Computed Tomography SPECT:
A
method of computed tomography that uses radionuclides which emit a single photon of a given energy. The camera is rotated 180 or 360 degrees around the patient to capture images at multiple positions along the arc. The computer is then used to reconstruct the transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images from the
3-dimensional distribution of radionuclides in the organ. The advantages of SPECT are that it can be used to observe biochemical and physiological processes as well as size and volume of the organ. The disadvantage is that, unlike
positron- emission tomography where the positron- electron annihilation results in the emission of 2 photons at 180 degrees from each other, SPECT requires physical collimation to line up the photons, which results in the loss of many available photons and hence degrades the image. MeSH,
1990
spectral imaging:
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_imaging
Sometimes referred to as hyperspectral imaging http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperspectral_imaging
Accessed June 29, 2007
spectrophotometry: The art or process of comparing photometrically
the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.
MeSH
spectrometry:
Wikipedia disambiguation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrometry Narrower terms: Multi- isotopic Imaging Mass Spectrometry
MIMS, mass spectrometry
spectroscopy:
the study of the interaction between matter and
electromagnetic radiation.[1][2] Historically,
spectroscopy originated through the study of visible
light dispersed
according to its wavelength,
by a prism.
Later the concept was expanded greatly to include any interaction with
radiative energy as a function of its wavelength or frequency.
Spectroscopic data are often represented by an emission
spectrum,
a plot of the response of interest as a function of wavelength or
frequency.
Wikipedia accessed 2018 Oct 18
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy
Narrower terms:
circular
dichroism spectroscopy, Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform
InfraRed Spectroscopy, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Near InfraRed
Spectroscopy NIR, Photon Correlation Spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Surface
Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy SERS, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy XPS
spiral computed
tomography: Computed tomography where
there is continuous X-ray exposure to the patient while being transported
through a rotating fan beam. This provides improved three- dimensional contrast
and spatial resolution compared to conventional computed tomography, where data
is obtained and computed from individual sequential exposures. MeSH 2003
structural
MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often divided
into structural MRI and functional MRI (fMRI). The former is a widely
used imaging technique in research as well as in clinical practice.
This review describes the more important developments in structural
MRI in recent years, including high resolution imaging, T2 relaxation
measurement, T2*-weighted imaging, T1 relaxation measurement, magnetisation
transfer imaging, and diffusion imaging. M Symms1, H R Jäger2,
K Schmierer3 and T A Yousry2 A review of structural
magnetic resonance neuroimaging. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and
Psychiatry 2004; 75:1235- 1244 Broader
term: MRI Synchrotron
Radiation Circular Dichroism (SRCD) spectroscopy:
There
is growing interest in using SRCD in structural biology because the high
intensity of the SR light source ensures enhanced measurements compared with
those from conventional lab- based instruments. As a result, measurements can be
made to include lower wavelengths (and thus contain more information on protein
secondary structures), have a higher signal- to- noise (and thus smaller amounts
of material can be used), be done in a speedier manner (due to the requirement
for less signal averaging due to the stronger signal), and be done in the
presence of buffers and absorbing components (which better mimic
"physiological" conditions). SRCD has many potential uses in the
pharmaceutical industry. http://people.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/~ubcg25a/bbsrc_business.html
Narrower
term:
circular
dichroism spectroscopy
three- photon excitation:
Can also be used in certain circumstances. In this case three photons are absorbed simultaneously, effectively tripling the excitation
energy. Using this technique, UV [ultraviolet] excited fluorophores may be imaged with IR
[InfraRed] excitation. Because excitation levels are dependent on the cube of the excitation
power, resolution is improved (for the same excitation wavelength) compared to two photon excitation where there is a quadratic power dependence. It is
possible to select fluorophores such that multiple labeled samples by can be imaged by combination of 2- and 3 photon excitation, using a single IR excitation
source. Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Univ. of
Wisconsin Madison, 1999 Related terms:
two photon, multi- photon
http://www.loci.wisc.edu/multiphoton/mp.html
tomography:
Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below
the plane. MeSH
Narrower terms: Positron Emission
Tomography PET, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography SPECT, spiral
computed tomography
tractography:
In neuroscience, tractography is
a 3D modeling technique
used to visually represent nerve
tracts using data collected by diffusion
MRI.[1] It
uses special techniques of magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) and computer-based diffusion
tensor imaging. The results are presented in two- and three-dimensional
images called tractograms. Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractography
Related term: diffusion MRI tunable lasers:
a laser whose wavelength of
operation can be altered in a controlled manner. While all laser
gain media allow small shifts in output wavelength, only a few types
of lasers allow continuous tuning over a significant wavelength range.
Wikipedia accessed 2018 Oct 18
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunable_laser
Optical Devices
Tunable Lasers Glossary, EE Times, 2002, 18 terms
http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1145121
Tunable lasers, Light Reading, Aug, 18, 2001 http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?site=lightreading&doc_id=3308
two- photon excitation: Excitation resulting from successive or simultaneous absorption of two photons by an atom or molecular entity. This term is used for
successive absorption only if some of the excitation energy of the first photon remains in the atom or molecular entity before absorption of
the
second photon. The simultaneous two- photon absorption can also be called biphotonic
excitation. IUPAC Photo
Two-photon excitation results from high laser fluxes leading to simultaneous absorption of two
photons whose energies sum, permitting excitation of chromophores at /2. Thus,
two- photon excitation using 900 nm light will excite a chromophore absorbing at 450 nm.
Two- photon excited fluorescence intensity is proportional to the square of the exciting laser intensity. The confined
two- photon excitation volume greatly reduces out of focus excitation. The capability of using
near- IR excitation wavelengths provides two- photon excitation scanning microscopy the advantage
of much- reduced cell damage compared to single- photon confocal microscopy, since there are few
intrinsic near- IR absorbing chromophores. Two- photon illumination has been used to release
caged compounds in femtoliter volumes. National Center for Research Resources
"Integrated Genomics Technologies Workshop Report" Jan
1999
Related
term: biphotonic
excitation.
wavelet:
<mathematics> A waveform that is bounded in both frequency and duration. Wavelet
transforms provide an alternative to more traditional
Fourier transforms used for analysing waveforms, e.g. sound. The Fourier transform converts a signal into a continuous series of sine waves, each of which is of constant frequency and amplitude and of
infinite duration. In contrast, most real-world signals (such as music or images) have a finite duration and abrupt changes in frequency. Wavelet transforms convert a signal into a series of wavelets. In theory, signals processed by the wavelet transform can be stored more
efficiently than ones processed by Fourier transform. Wavelets can also be constructed with rough edges, to better approximate
real- world
signals. For example, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation found that Fourier transforms proved inefficient for approximating the whorls of
fingerprints but a wavelet transform resulted in crisper reconstructed images.
FOLDOC
x-ray
crystallography: See NMR
& X-ray Crystallography glossary. X-ray crystallography is an
experimental technique that exploits the fact that X-rays are diffracted by
crystals. It is not an imaging technique. Bernhard Rupp, Crystallography
101 http://ruppweb.dyndns.org/Xray/101index.html
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy XPS:
Technique for determining the elemental composition at a solid surface by measuring the energy of
electrons emitted in response to X-rays of different frequency. Has been
applied to solid- phase combinatorial chemistry by incorporating a
tracer
atom in the linker. IUPAC Combinatorial
Imaging resources
FOLDOC computing glossary http://foldoc.org/
Fonar, MRI Glossary http://fonar.com/glossary.htm
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,
Glossary of Terms used in Photochemistry 3rd ed. 2006
https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/79/3/0293/
GE Healthcare,
Glossary of Low Dose Terms
http://www3.gehealthcare.com/en/products/dose_management/glossary
Patient radiation exposure
Photonics Dictionary, Laurin Publishing Co. Inc., 2013
8K plus terms http://www.photonics.com/edu/Dictionary.aspx
Society of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Glossary of Molecular
Imaging terms
http://www.snmmi.org/AboutSNMMI/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=5646
Insight Pharma Reports
Imaging http://www.insightpharmareports.com/Reports_All_Reports.aspx?t=470359
How
to look for other unfamiliar terms
IUPAC definitions are reprinted with the permission of the International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
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