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You are here > Biopharmaceutical Glossary Homepage/Search > Drug discovery & development > Therapeutic areas Therapeutic
areas: cancer & oncology, cardiovascular, CNS & neurology, Immunology,
Infectious diseases, Inflammation glossary & taxonomy
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Finding guide to terms in these glossaries Site
Map Alzheimer's Disease: To date, almost 700 clinical trials have been performed for Alzheimer’s Disease, and recent developments have reiterated the need for stronger pre-clinical studies for future active compounds. Novel animal models, advancements in imaging, and targeting new mechanisms of actions have all increased the predictive ability of pre-clinical studies, resulting in better candidates. Successful Targeting of Alzheimer's Disease June 16-17, 2010 • Philadelphia, PA Program | Register | antibacterial
resistance: Resistant bacterial strains are an
increasing challenge for the entire health industry. There is a dire need to
develop novel defense mechanisms and novel strategies to treat bacterial
infections. To successfully tackle antibacterial resistance, novel targets are
only part of the equation - challenges which also need to be addressed include
predicting toxicology, selectivity, resistance, permeability and pk of a new
lead, and creating new models for optimization of leads and compounds. Antibacterial Drug
Discovery April 27-28,
2010 • San Diego, CA Program | Register | Download Brochure antibody diagnostics: Cancer genomics & diagnostics glossary anti-inflammatories:
The hunt for new small molecules that target inflammation is heating up.
Researchers are discovering that inflammation plays a central role in a wide
range of diseases, from rheumatoid arthritis to cancer and Alzheimer’s.
Current oral therapies such as Cox-2 inhibitors and NSAIDs can have undesirable
and significant side effects with frequent use. The promising biologics on the
horizon have the downside that they are more costly than small molecule
therapeutics and cannot be taken orally. Anti-inflammatories April 27-28, 2010
• San Diego, CA Program
| Register | Download Brochure See also inflammation antiviral therapeutics: This report assesses the compounds, the clinical data, the companies, and the market-shifting developments in the antiviral therapeutic category. Sales of antiviral agents currently constitute 25% of the anti-infective drug market. The ability of viruses to develop resistance against drugs, coupled with sub-optimal treatment outcomes as a result of failure of patients to comply with the full course of therapy, will continue to provide the commercial and medical incentive for intense R&D activity. Insight Pharma reports, Antiviral Therapeutics: Pipelines and Competitive Dynamics, 2006 asthma: Inflammatory diseases autism: No single parameter, or combination of parameters, has been unambiguously corroborated as a cause of human autistic disorders. No medications have been proven to be efficacious in the treatment of the core social or communication impairment seen in autism. Some of its other symptoms or frequent comorbidities (aggression, hyperactivity, and seizures) can be managed with currently available drugs. If passed into law, the "Combating Autism Act of 2005" could massively expand the number of autism diagnoses within a few years, creating skyrocketing demand for prescription medications. Insight Pharma Reports, Autism: A Developmental Disorder That Is Massively on the Rise. Unmet Needs, http://www.insightpharmareports.com/reports/2006/62_Sleeper_Diseases/overview.asp#a Part of Insight Pharma Reports, Sleeper diseases: Forecast and Assessment of Neglected Disease Market Opportunity, 2006 http://www.insightpharmareports.com/reports/2006/62_Sleeper_Diseases/overview.asp autoimmune diseases -- novel biologics: Recent approvals of biologics by the FDA turned them into very attractive therapeutics for the pharmaceutical industry. Immunomodulators are one of the most promising new therapies for autoimmune diseases such as MS, Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and IBD and Crohn’s disease. Novel biologics for autoimmune diseases, Aug 22-24, 2007, Cambridge MA order CD? bacterial bioinformatics: Bioinformatics glossary Google = about 30 May 8, 2003; about 132 Nov 10, 2006 blood brain barrier: CNS diseases are a major focus of the pharmaceutical industry, with CNS drugs representing some of its most successful products. However, drug discovery and development researchers experience difficulty developing CNS drugs that complete clinical trials and win regulatory approval—especially drugs which meet major unmet needs in the CNS area, such as Alzheimer’s disease. The vast majority of drugs fail to cross the BBB, which is causing a major bottleneck in successful development of CNS drug candidates. This report reviews the discovery, design and development of small- and large-molecule drugs that can efficiently cross the BBB. This includes more traditional, medicinal chemistry-based methods, as well as approaches that exploit carrier-mediated transport (CMT) and receptor-mediated transport (RMT). Insight Pharma Reports, Blood Brain Barrier: Bridging options for drug discovery and development, 2008 blood safety: See BSE, TSE blood substitutes: Human blood, plasma and tissue contain many proteins, the extraction and purification of which are of great medical and economic importance. Transmission of infectious diseases via blood transfusion, tissue implantation and the use of processed blood plasma and components have placed a high priority on the development of new strategies for safeguarding the health of millions of patients who receive blood and tissue-derived products every year. The screening of blood for the detection of infectious agents is continuing to advance but is complicated by the presence of new and emerging pathogens. In addition, cost- effectiveness and the threat of emerging and/or crossover infective agents must also be considered. BSE: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (or mad cow disease). [UK Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit, Scientific & Medical Terms, Univ. of Edinburgh, UK, 1997 ] http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/glos.htm See also TSE CJD Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease: The most common human SE [spongiform encephalopathy] which is characterised by a rapidly progressive dementia. Identified in the 1920s through the work of Creutzfeldt and Jakob. UK Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit, Scientific & Medical Terms, Univ. of Edinburgh, UK, 1997 http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/glos.htm Related terms: BSE, blood & blood substitutes, TSE
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy cancer diagnostics: Cancer diagnostics, prognostics, genomics & therapeutics cardiac disease: Guidance for industry, Somatic cell therapy for, FDA 2009 http://www.fda.gov/cber/gdlns/somaticcell.htm cardiogenomics: CardioGenomics is one of eleven Programs for Genomic Applications (PGAs) funded by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the NIH. The PGA initiative was funded in September of 2000 with the mission of advancing functional genomic research related to heart, lung, blood, and sleep health and disorders. A key feature of the PGA initiative is that all data, information, educational materials and reagents are made publicly available, and the scientific community is given access to these products and made aware of the each PGA's activities via the web. The primary goal of the CardioGenomics PGA is to begin to link genes to structure, function, dysfunction and structural abnormalities of the cardiovascular system caused by clinically relevant genetic and environmental stimuli. The principal biological theme to be pursued is how the transcriptional network of the cardiovascular system responds to genetic and environmental stresses to maintain normal function and structure, and how this network is altered in disease. Cardiogenomics, Harvard Medical School, http://cardiogenomics.med.harvard.edu/pga-overview Google = about 3,800 May 8, 2003, about 49,000 Aug. 9, 2005 Cardiome Project: The Cardiome is the description, in quantitative, testable form, of the functioning of the normal heart and its responses to intervention. The Cardiome Project is a large- scale multidisciplinary, multi- center effort to develop computational models of the heart that integrate electrophysiological, hemodynamic, metabolic, and mechanical functions and that span scales of biological organization from gene to organ system. The principal investigator and collaborators at NPACI partner institutions and other centers are working on the major aspects of this project, and undergraduate students from many disciplines are actively involved in these efforts, which are sponsored by several sources including two resources based at SDSC [San Diego Supercomputer Center] the National Biomedical Computation Resource and the BioNOME Resource. http://www.krellinst.org/neot/reu/awards98/reu98021.html Related term: lipoproteomics cardioproteomics: Proteomics categories Google = about 6, May 8, 2003; about 13 June 10, 2004 cardiovascular diagnostics: Cardiovascular diseases continue to be an enormous medical and cost burden on the health care system. As the rapidly aging population drives an increase in the incidence and prevalence of heart disease, the need for early detection and intervention will escalate dramatically. Insight Pharma Reports, Cardiovascular Diagnostics: Key Developments in Technologies and Markets, 2005 http://www.insightpharmareports.com/reports/2005/49_CardioDx/overview.asp cosmetic psychopharmacology: Peter Kramer, Listening to Prozac, Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_D._Kramer Google = about 272 May 8, 2003; about 501 Apr. 28, 2004 diabetes:: A worldwide epidemic of type 2 diabetes has been in progress since the mid-1980s, according to the World Health Organization. The worldwide number of diabetics was 30 million in 1985 and is projected to increase to at least 366 million by 2030. ... Report has background for understanding the nature, epidemiology, pathobiology, and cost of diabetes. Experimental therapeutic strategies for prevention of type 1 diabetes in susceptible individuals. The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and its relationship to obesity. Current diagnosis and treatment modalities for diabetes, types 1 and 2 An evaluation of competitors in the diabetes market―their pipelines and specific products, alliances, therapeutic focus, and more . Assessment of novel classes of antidiabetics that include drugs introduced into the market in 2005 and 2006, as well as drugs in still newer classes now in corporate pipelines. Assessment of leading research and preclinical-stage drugs, and novel therapeutic strategies for type 2 diabetes. Assessment of agents in development for diabetic complications, including a novel unifying model for induction of microvascular complications, and a novel model for induction of macrovascular complications . The market outlook for new antidiabetic drugs. Insight Pharma Reports, Diabetes and its Complications: Strategies to Advance Therapy and Optimize R&D. 2007 Targeting Diabetes with
Novel Therapeutics
November 3-4,
2009 • Boston, MA emerging infectious diseases: Those whose incidence in humans has increased within the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future. Emergence may be due to the spread of a new agent, to the recognition of an infection that has been present in the population but has gone undetected, or to the realization that an established disease has an infectious origin. Emergence may also be used to describe the reappearance (or "reemergence") of a known infection after a decline in incidence." , Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID)?: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States , Institute of Medicine Report, US, 1992 quoted at "What are EIDs?, ProMED, American Federation of Scientists, 2001.http://www.fas.org/promed/about/index.html See also Scope Note Emerging Infectious Diseases, CDC, US http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/about.htm Google = about 55,400 May 8, 2003; about 1,230,000 Nov 10, 2006 Hepatitis C HCV Drug
discovery: This is an exciting time for the field of
HCV antivirals. Viral protease and polymerase inhibitors are in late stage
clinical trials, as are combinations of them, suggesting an interferon-free drug
cocktail to treat HCV may one day be possible. Progress is also being made on
small molecule drug candidates that inhibit host proteins involved in the
maturation/processing of HCV particles. HCV
Drug Discovery April
28-29, 2010 • San Diego, CA Program | Register | Download Brochure HIV inhibitors: Exploring today's most promising April 2009 San Diego CA order CD? immunogenomics: Research in the Immunogenomics Laboratory is focused around the study of the organisation, function and evolution of vertebrate defense genes, particularly those encoded by the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and the Leukocyte Receptor Complex (LRC). Both complexes form integral parts of the immune system. The MHC is the most important genetic region in relation to infection and common disease such as autoimmunity. Driven by pathogen variability, immune genes have become the most polymorphic loci known, with some genes having over 500 alleles. The main function of these genes is to provide protection against pathogens and they achieve this through complex pathways for antigen processing and presentation. However, even subtle changes in these pathways can lead to genetic miscommunication and result in disease, particularly autoimmune disease. This genetic balancing act also presents a major challenge to transplant medicine where the aim is to minimise the rejection of transplants while not having to compromise the patient's immune system. Stephan Beck, Team 50 Immunogenomics Lab, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, UK http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Teams/Team50/ Google = about 211 May 8, 2003; about 600 Apr. 28, 2004; about 17,300 Nov. 7, 2005, about 33,700 Oct. 25, 2006; about 34,100 Nov 16, 2009 immunoinformatics: The application of bioinformatics and molecular modelling to molecules of the immune system, is a relatively new scientific discipline. In addition to the application of our existing protein modelling expertise to immunological membrane proteins, we are also trying to develop new approaches to the problem of epitope prediction. These approaches include the use of robust multivariate statistics and molecular dynamic simulation. Bioinformatics Group, Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, UK, 2002 http://www.jenner.ac.uk/res-bio.htm Google = about 199 May 8, 2003; about 5,190 Apr. 28, 2004; about 84,200 Nov 16, 2009 immunoinhibitory pipelines: Insight Pharma Report forthcoming 2009 immunome, immunomics, immunoproteomics : -Omes & omics glossary immunotechnology: Technology based on applications of cells and molecules of the immune system. A major research interest is the application of human recombinant antibodies and antibody fragments in medical and industrial applications, as well as studies of mechanisms underlying somatic mutations in B cells and IgE switch in allergy. The use of synthetic antibodies in proteome analysis, including protein array technology is also pursued as well as gene array analysis of the transcriptome. B cell malignancies is one focus in antibody and gene therapy projects as well as viral infection in molecular breeding projects. [Dept. of Immunotechnology, Lund Univ., Sweden, 2002 http://www.immun.lth.se/ Google = about 5,620 June 10, 2004; about 103,000 Nov 16, 2009 Immunotherapeutics & Vaccine Summit August 17-19, 2009 • Providence, RI had tracks on Novel Vaccines: Adjuvants & Delivery Systems Novel Vaccines: Design & Development Production & Manufacturing of Vaccines Pre-Clinical/Clinical Development of Immunotherapies and Vaccines Immunotherapies and Vaccines for Cancer and Infectious Diseases 2008 Insight Pharm Reports Immunotherapies and Vaccines for Nontraditional Indications October 2009 Insight Pharma Reports Table of Contents | Tables and Figures | Executive Summary immunotherapy: Refers to any approach aimed at mobilizing or manipulating a patient's immune system to treat or cure disease. Although the term has been most often associated with therapies for established malignancies, immunotherapy is of increasing interest as an approach to arrest cancer at a much earlier stage. In addition as illustrated in the accompanying articles, immunotherapy is pertinent to the investigation and treatment of transplantation, autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, and infectious disease. Ralph M Steinman and Ira Mellman, Immunotherapy; Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered No more. Science 305: 197- 200, 9 July 2004 The concept of using the immune system to treat disease, for example, developing a vaccine against cancer. Immunotherapy may also refer to the therapy of diseases caused by the immune system, allergies for example. [NHGRI] Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. MeSH, 1973 Google = about 305,000 June 10, 2004; about 713,000 Nov 13, 2009 infectious diseases: Global sales of anti-infective drugs reached $44.5 billion in 2005 and will likely double over the next 5 years. Antibiotics led the category at $31 billion. ... This report analyzes the factors driving infectious disease therapeutic and diagnostic markets, the key business and technology trends, targets and drugs in development, companies at the forefront of anti-infective R&D, and the commercial opportunities and challenges of anti-infective drugs and vaccines. Past hurdles to pursuing anti-infective drug development―including historically low margins, short therapeutic regimens, manufacturing challenges, and regulatory problems associated with developing drugs for “unvalidated” microbial targets―are no longer discouraging entrants. Insight Pharma Reports, Infectious diseases: R&D Challenges and Market Drivers, 2006 infectious
diseases diagnostics H1N1: Swine Influenza A is now known
as 2009 H1N1 Influenza (2009 H1N1). Narrower terms: biodefense, BSE, CJD, molecular piracy, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, molecular diagnostics, pathogenomics, pathology informatics, pathome, prion, PrP, PrPC proteins, PrPSc proteins, TSE, vCJD; Omes & omics microbiome inflammation: While significant breakthroughs have occurred in our understanding of inflammation, research is needed to further understand inflammatory processes. Because inflammation is broadly implicated in many diseases and conditions, this initiative would be valuable in uncovering as-yet-unknown immune mechanisms and mediators of inflammation as well as genetic factors, environmental triggers, and the relationship of inflammation to disease. New Roadmap Emphasis areas for 2008, NIH Roadmap, http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/2008initiatives.asp See also anti-inflammatories inflammatory bowel disease IBD: See Drug discovery and development glossary Inflammatory diseases Inflammatory Directions: Strategies for Six Diseases with Unmet Needs 2008 Insight Pharma Reports inflammatory diseases pipelines: This report comprehensively evaluates R&D efforts for six high-profile immune/inflammatory disorders : Rheumatoid Arthritis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Psoriasis, Lupus, Multiple Sclerosis, Asthma. The complexity of the immune system provides both opportunity and challenge for those in the pharmaceutical industry trying to manipulate it. There is a seemingly endless list of cytokines, receptors, and enzymes that can be disrupted in patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and the sheer number of options leaves plenty of chances for large established players and specialized newcomers alike to carve out niches for themselves. Insight Pharma Reports: Inflammatory Disease Therapeutics: Pipelines and Competitive Dynamics, 2005 metabolic syndrome: Is a cluster of risk factors for atherosclerotic disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus comprising obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The eligible treatment population in the U.S. for these four conditions is currently 40 million patients and will nearly double over the next 15 years, bringing unprecedented social and economic impacts. CHA Cambridge Healthtech Advisors, Metabolic Syndrome, Pipeline Analysis and US Market Forecast report, 2005 http://www.insightpharmareports.com/reports/2005/44_Metabolic_Syndrome/overview.asp neglected diseases: See sleeper diseases neurodegenerative
diseases: Neurodegenerative diseases are drawing immense interest from the
pharmaceutical industry and have inspired heavy competition in the race to
introduce the next generation of improved drugs. Alzheimer’s disease,
Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
are analyzed in this report, which: Reviews their symptoms and pathology,
presumed causes, methods of diagnosis, epidemiology, Examines existing drug
therapies for each disorder, Surveys the R&D picture for each disease,
Tabulates the approximately 150 compounds in clinical development , Discusses
particularly noteworthy drug candidates. .
Insight Pharma Reports.
Neurodegenerative
Diseases: Next-Generation Drugs for Four Major Disorders: Alzheimer’s
disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis, 2008 next generation therapies: Insight Pharma Report forthcoming 2009 obesity drug pipeline: Obesity is involved in the pathogenesis of major diseases, especially diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Yet there are no sufficiently safe and effective obesity drugs on the market today. Disease pathways of obesity are poorly understood and appear to be dependent on many genetic and environmental factors. Researchers and companies have been using what is known about energy balance pathways to design obesity drugs. Insight Pharma Reports Obesity drug pipeline: Developing therapies for a complex disease, 2008 http://www.insightpharmareports.com/reports_report.aspx?id=81172&r=653 ophthalmology market:
The ophthalmology market, although a relatively small niche in the
pharmaceutical industry, is more than worthwhile to track because: It is growing
dynamically, and will likely continue this development unbroken for the next 2
or 3 decades. It offers scientific challenges that are definitely tough but not
insurmountable, with the paths to success already discernible.
It is a market that analysts and investors can understand. Severe eye
diseases are debilitating but not terminal conditions, and therefore most people
know at least 1 person with severe vision impairment and can sympathize—which
on the whole creates a more favorable basis for investments. Insight
Pharma Reports, Ophthalmological
Therapeutics: Pipelines, Delivery Technologies, and Markets, 2008 pain therapeutics: Updates on pre-clinical development programs for popular pain targets including FAAH, TrK, TRPV, P2X3, P2X7, CB1 and CB2, will be featured as well as programs focused on newer novel targets and mechanisms of action that are more recent entries. Several case studies will include clinical development and clinical POP studies and updates for novel therapeutics both small molecule and antibody and biologic candidates. Sodium and calcium channels such as Nav 1.7 and CAB 2.2 will be featured again while coverage will be extended on opioids for pain, an examination of modulation of glial signaling for the treatment of chronic pain and monoamine reuptake inhibitors. Targeting Pain with Novel Therapeutics June 15-16, 2010 • Philadelphia, PA Program | Register | sleeper diseases: Sleeper diseases comprise a broad spectrum of increasingly recognized conditions with various degrees of neuropsychiatric involvement. Many of these conditions are now clearly defined, earning them increasing acceptance as real disorders that can and should be addressed by pharmacotherapy. Covers autism; compulsions, phobias, panic attacks; chronic fatigue system, fibromyalgia, eating disorders, restless leg syndrome. Insight Pharma Reports, Sleeper diseases: Forecast and Assessment of Neglected Disease Market Opportunity, 2006 transmissible spongiform encephalopathy: This meeting will address the ongoing progress in the science of prion diseases, as well as the newest developments in the fields of pathophysiology, transmission, detection, removal/inactivation, and prevention and will present the newest data on TSE’s in the context of its application to the pharmaceutical, biological, environmental and device industries. Topics which may be included are: advances in basic prion science, new transmissibility data, current results of human and animal tissue screening, new methods for strain typing, genetic susceptibility to the agent, risk assessment and management, TSE prophylaxis and treatment, prion protein structure and its implications for test development, prevention, cure and removal or inactivation. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies February 11-12, 2008 • San Francisco, California TSE: See Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Broader term: Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease; Related terms: BSE, Variant Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease vCJD, blood & blood substitute vaccine: An agent containing antigens produced from killed, attenuated or live pathogenic microorganisms, synthetic peptides or by recombinant organisms, used for stimulating the immune system of the recipient to produce specific antibodies providing active immunity and/or passive immunity in the progeny. [IUPAC Compendium] Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. MeSH Vaccine Research publications, National Institute of Allergies & Infectious Diseases, NIH, US http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/vaccine.htm Narrower
terms: allogeneic polyvalent vaccines, allogenic vaccines, autologous vaccines, DNA vaccine; vaccines - novel: The topic of vaccines has entered the forefront of the public’s thoughts and emotions as new diseases threaten the global population. Large numbers of vaccines are needed, yet burdensome production methods require facilities that do not exist. Innovations are required to bring vaccines into a new age of design, production, and delivery. Developing novel vaccines involves myriad challenges as manufacturers hustle to meet growing demands. Novel Vaccines: Design & Development, August 2009, Providence RI vaccines: Immunotherapeutics & Vaccines Summit Aug 2009 Providence RI vCJD Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: A rare and fatal human neuro- degenerative condition. Like Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease (CJD), vCJD is classified as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) because of characteristic spongy degeneration of the brain and its ability to be transmitted. vCJD is a new disease which was first described in March 1996. [WHO "Variant Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease vCJD" 2001] http://www.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact180.html Bibliography
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