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Intellectual
Property (IP) is the bedrock on which the development of new treatments
and cures is built. IP is critical to improving patient care, spurring
economic growth and strengthening an innovation economy. Without the
protections of a strong, modern IP system, researchers may not have the
ability to explore new areas of medical innovation and unearth the
findings that will lead to the treatments and cures of tomorrow.
PhRMA Pharmaceutical Research & Manufacturers Association
https://www.phrma.org/advocacy/intellectual-property
Related glossaries include
Business and
sub-categories
Alliances, Financial
Molecular
Medicine Drug
discovery & development Research
Informatics
overview Technologies
overview anti-trust guidelines: Pharmaceuticals, Hogan Lovells https://www.hoganlovells.com/~/media/hogan-lovells/pdf/publication/ph2013-united-states_pdf.pdf
Bayh
Dole: The Bayh–Dole
Act or Patent and Trademark Law Amendments Act (Pub.
L. 96-517, December 12, 1980) is United
States legislation dealing with intellectual property arising
from federal
government-funded research. Sponsored by two senators, Birch
Bayh of Indiana and Bob
Dole of Kansas,
the Act was adopted in 1980, is codified at 94 Stat. 3015,
and in 35 U.S.C. §
200–212,[1] and
is implemented by 37 C.F.R.401.[2]
The key change made by Bayh–Dole was in ownership of inventions made with
federal funding. Before the Bayh–Dole Act, federal research funding contracts
and grants obligated inventors (wherever they worked) to assign inventions they
made using federal funding to the federal government.[3] Bayh–Dole
permits a university, small business, or non-profit institution to elect to
pursue ownership of an invention in preference to the government.[4]
Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayh%E2%80%93Dole_Act
accessed 2018 Feb 14
biological patent: a patent on
an invention in the
field of biology that
by law allows the patent holder to exclude others from making, using,
selling, or importing the protected invention for a
limited period of time. The scope and reach of biological patents vary
among jurisdictions,[1] and
may include biological technology and products, genetically
modified organisms and genetic
material. The applicability of patents to substances and processes
wholly or partially natural in origin is a subject of debate.[1]
Wikipedia accessed 2018 Sept 2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_patent See related
gene patent
Cohen- Boyer: Stanley Cohen's and Herbert Boyer's basic science discovery of recombinant DNA technology in 1973 sparked a revolution in biology and spurred development of the biotechnology industry. The invention’s far- reaching implications for the interconnected worlds of science, commerce, and society are suggested in what follows. .. Biotech at 25: The founders, Univ. of California - Berkeley Library, 1999-2000 http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/Biotech/25.html Related term: licensing cross-licensing: A legal agreement in which two or more parties which have potentially conflicting patent claims strike a deal to share rights to the product or process in question. PhRMA Broader term: licensing Related term: technology transfer Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 1980: 447 U.S. 303 (1980), was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with whether genetically modified organisms can be patented.[1] Wikipedia accessed 2018 Feb 14 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_v._Chakrabarty disease gene patents: I wish to direct my comments to the emerging pattern of exclusive licensing of so-called Disease Gene Patents. These patents generally claim a gene sequence, one or more mutations in which are found to be associated with disease or risk of disease. In addition to claims covering all uses of the chemical sequences, the patents also claim all methods of diagnosis of disease by identifying in a specific patient the disclosed genetic alleles, mutations, or polymorphisms. ..Oversight Hearing on Gene Patents and Other Genomic Inventions, Jon F. Merz, Assistant Professor of Bioethics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, and Center for Bioethics, University of Pennsylvania, Subcommittee on Courts and Intellectual Property of the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives, July 13, 2000 http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/45/3/324 DNA patents: Ricki Lewis, Brief history of DNA patents, PLOS Blogs http://blogs.plos.org/dnascience/2013/06/20/a-brief-history-of-dna-patents/
The US Supreme Court today unanimously ruled
that human genes are not patentable, but synthetic DNA, or cDNA, is patent
eligible because it does not occur naturally. Genomeweb 2013 June 13
https://www.genomeweb.com/clinical-genomics/us-supreme-court-strikes-down-gene-patents-allows-patenting-synthetic-dna
Broader term: gene patents Related term: cDNA patents A definition was developed by the Collaborative Electronic Notebook Systems Association (CENSA) "A system to create, store, retrieve, and share fully electronic records in ways that meet all legal, regulatory, technical and scientific requirements” http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/archive/ci/31/i02/html/02zall.html enablement criterion: See under patents EPO European Patent Office: An international patent- granting authority established under the European Patent Convention (EPC), which was signed in Munich on 5 October 1973 and came into force on 7 October 1977. The EPO has its headquarters in Munich, a branch in The Hague, and sub- offices in Berlin and Vienna. The EPO is not an EU institution. It is completely self- financing and has a large degree of administrative autonomy. Its operating and investment budgets are funded entirely from procedural fees and from part of the annual renewal fees levied on granted European patents. [European Patent Office website] http://www.european-patent-office.org/epo_general.htm#organ EST patents: https://www.kirkland.com/siteFiles/kirkexp/publications/2290/Document1/Fisher%20and%20Beyond.pdf
exclusivity
and patents: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/ucm079031.htm Allen K Yu, Why it is time to eliminate genomic patents, Paper 1473, Berkeley Electronic Press, 2006 http://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6667&context=expresso human life, patenting: Patenting Human Life, President's Council on Bioethics,http://bioethics.georgetown.edu/pcbe/topics/patenting_index.html
Intellectual
Property IP, Biotechnology Industry Organization, US https://www.bio.org/intellectual-property international patents: The Trilateral Offices, the European Patent Office (EPO), the Japanese Patent Office (JPO), and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) have been cooperating for the administration of their patent functions in order to gain possible mutual benefits since 1983. US PTO http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/dcom/olia/ir_pat_trilateral.htm JPO Japanese Patent Office: The system of industrial property rights (which is a general terms used when referring to the system for patents, new utility models, designs and trademarks) is to contribute to development of industry by securing and protecting the successful and creative development of structures for patents, etc. The system of industrial property rights is also designed to promote development of sciences and technology. As Japan is on the threshold of the twenty first century, the importance of this system has gradually grown by a considerable amount. The role of the Patent Office is to deal with the development in the entire industrial sphere through its system for industrial property rights, including examinations, trials, and designing of plans for this system. [Japanese Patent Office website] http://www.jpo.go.jp/ license: A contract between the owner(s) of the subject matter of the license and one or more parties that seeks the right to make, use, sell, or import the subject mater of the license. Commonly, a license conveys rights to patented subject matter, but it may also convey rights to tangible subject matter that is not unpatented. Licenses are negotiated agreements that become binding contracts when signed by the parties. In the United States, only one owner need to sign a license if the subject matter is patented. Thus, a patented technology co-owned by three parties can be licensed by one of the parties without the other owners' knowledge or consent. This is not so in most European countries, which require that all owners join in any licenses. Although licenses generally address a standard set of legal issues, there is no standard license or license term. The terms negotiated into licenses by the parties are as varied as the circumstances driving the agreement. Appendix B Definitions related to Technology Transfer, Report of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Working Group on Research Tools, US June 4, 1998 https://www.mmrrc.org/about/NIH_research_tools_policy/ licensing: Contractual agreement granting permission to use intellectual property under specific conditions. Licensing agreements, in which one company contracts to buy technology from another company, can be much faster, easier and cheaper to arrange than trying to challenge an intellectual property claim in court. More important than ever these days with R&D expenses increasing faster than the approval of new drugs. Narrower terms: biopharma licensing, cross-licensing; Related terms: patent pooling, research joint venture, technology transfer. licensing practices: One of the goals of U.S. patent policy is to encourage development of useful products by inventors and those to whom inventions are licensed. However, some of the recent developments described above have created a situation in which pursuit of the protected information and materials by both the for- profit and not- for- profit sector may be restricted, rather than promoted, as intended historically. Sub-optimal use is likely to result when the patent appears to others to over-value the invention and when the terms of use - that is, the licensing policies - are unduly restrictive. For example, potential licensees are frequently confronted with so-called "reach -through" provisions that would provide royalties from any downstream commercial products to those who own property that may now be of uncertain value and vague utility. This situation does not encourage vigorous development of the protected discoveries. Likewise, an inappropriate insistence on exclusive, rather than non- exclusive, licensing of genetic sequences for diagnostic tests could slow the development of this important application of genetic tools. [Harold Varmus testimony, HEARING ON GENE PATENTS AND OTHER GENOMIC INVENTIONS HOUSE JUDICIARY SUBCOMMITTEE ON COURTS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, JULY 13, 2000 http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/judiciary/hju66043.000/hju66043_0f.htm MTA Material Transfer Agreement: A negotiated contract between the owner of a tangible material and a party seeking the material and the right to use the material for research purposes. The material may be either patented or unpatented. Material transfer agreements tend to be shorter than license agreements, and they are generally/ considered to be more informal than licenses agreements, although both are enforceable contracts. The purpose of an MTA is to document the transfer and outline the terms of use, including identification of the research project, terms of confidentiality, publication, and liability. As with licenses, there are no standard MTAs, although the academic community and NIH developed an under used model MTA for biological materials called the Uniform Biological Material Transfer Agreement (UBMTA). Appendix B Definitions related to Technology Transfer, Report of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Working Group on Research Tools, US June 4, 1998 https://www.mmrrc.org/about/NIH_research_tools_policy Related terms: research tools, university- industry partnerships and intellectual property Myriad gene patents: During its 2013 term, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled1 on a challenge to a patent held on genetic tests for certain genes that increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer. The patent gave one company a monopoly on a genetic test that involved isolating natural deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands and creating synthetic complementary DNA (cDNA) that mirrored the original isolated strands with slight alterations. The Court ruled that synthetically created cDNA is patentable, while isolated natural DNA is not. Cartwright-Smith L. Patenting Genes: What Does Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics Mean for Genetic Testing and Research? Public Health Reports. 2014; 129(3):289-292. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3982540/ non-obvious; novelty: See under patents patent: A document issued [in the United States] by the Department of Commerce Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) under authority of the United States Constitution and other laws and implementing regulations. A patent contains a narrative description of the subject matter covered by the patent called the specification. It also contains one or more claims that describe the subject matter covered by the patent in highly technical and specific terms, much as the metes and bounds of a survey might exactly describe and identify the land conveyed by a deed. A patent represents the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling the subject matter described by the claims of the patent. Virtually every country in the world provides its government with the right to issue patents in order to allow patent owners to exclude others from using the patented subject matter within its borders. In the United States, only the person or people who invent the subject matter have the right to obtain a patent. However, it is commonplace for employers to require employee- inventors to assign to the employer the right to seek the patent, and therefore the ownership of the patent. Appendix B Definitions related to Technology Transfer, Report of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Working Group on Research Tools, US June 4, 1998 https://www.mmrrc.org/about/NIH_research_tools_policy A patent application is judged on four criteria. The invention must be "useful" in a practical sense (the inventor must identify some useful purpose for it), "novel" (i.e., not known or used before the filing), and "nonobvious" (i.e., not an improvement easily made by someone trained in the relevant area). The invention also must be described in sufficient detail to enable one skilled in the field to use it for the stated purpose (sometimes called the "enablement" criterion).http://law.jrank.org/pages/9087/Patents-Patentable-Inventions.html Related terms: intellectual property; Narrower terms: EST patents, genomic patents, international patents, patent portfolio, patent system, provisional patent applications, SNP patents, stealth patents, submarine patents, utility patents
Free Patents Online
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/
Patent and Trademark Office PTO, US: The
PTO promotes industrial and technological progress in the United States and
strengthens the national economy by: Administering the laws relating to patents
and trademarks. Advising the Secretary of Commerce, the President of the United
States, and the administration on patent, trademark, and copyright protection.
Advising the Secretary of Commerce, the President of the United States, and the
Administration on the trade- related aspects of intellectual property. http://www.uspto.gov/
“Investors
are increasingly willing to accept that pharma companies can navigate the patent
cliff through factors including growth in emerging markets, cost management,
diversification and in some cases new drug launches,” said Deutsche Bank
analyst Mark Clark “ Big
pharma approaching bottom of patent cliff,, Nature Blog Oct 2012 http://blogs.nature.com/news/2012/10/big-pharma-approaching-bottom-of-patent-cliff.html
patent pools: Wikipedia patent pools http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_pool
patent portfolio:
Patents owned and applied for. Refers to owned
intellectual property, does not include licensing arrangements. patent stacking: Taking out many patents for different aspects of a single innovation, thus forcing several royalty applications and payments. Aaron Cosbey , Sustainable Development Effects of the WTO TRIPS Agreement: A Focus on Developing Countries, International Institute for Sustainable Development, Canada, 2000 Related term: royalty stacking patent system: The [patent system] has changed from focusing on conventional drugs to being a system that also encompasses patents on biological molecules containing genetic information. . Many thousands of patents with claims to human DNA sequences have been filed and granted, and few have as yet been subject to legal challenge. The many patents include claims for genomic DNA sequences, complementary DNAs, individual mutations, expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) Martin Bobrow, Sandy Thomas "Patents in a genetic age" Nature 409:763-764, 15 Feb. 2001 Related terms: international patents, EPO European Patent Office, JPO Japanese Patent Office, PTO Patent and Trademark Office (US) WIPO World Intellectual Property Office patent thicket: An overlapping set of patent rights requiring those seeking to commercialize new technology obtain licensees from multiple patentees. Navigating the patent thicket, Carl Shapiro, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Mar. 2001 http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/shapiro/thicket.pdf patent trolls: President Obama’s executive order is aimed at limiting the negative effect of Patent Assertion Entities (PAEs) also known as ‘patent trolls’ on the innovation ecosystem and on the economy at large. ,,, While the executive order itself will not change the system, it sets the direction for future. The direction provided by the order coupled with the legislations like the SHIELD (Saving High-tech Innovators from Egregious Legal Disputes) Act will help reduce the damage caused by non-value adding and frivolous infringement suits. The amount of patent infringement suits brought about by PAEs has increased tremendously over the last few years. In the last two years, it has risen from 29 per cent to 62 per cent. Estimates suggest that PAEs may have threatened over 100,000 companies with patent infringement last year alone … the impact could be significant on the biotech space where there is scope of functional claiming. Under most circumstances, pharma patents cover function of a drug tied to a particular composition of the drug. Therefore, the scope for the meaning of the claim to change over time is less. Biotech is a field at the cusp of many different fields and is a rapidly evolving field. There is more scope for meaning of a claim to change over a period of time, and functional claims in the field could be restricted in the way they are allowed to be written today. Nandita Vijay, Obama’s recent orders on ‘patent trolls’ could impact biotech cos more than pharma cos, PharmaBiz July 2013 http://www.pharmabiz.com/ArticleDetails.aspx?aid=76777&sid=11 Patent Users Information Group PIUG: International Society for Patent Information Professionals is a not-for-profit organization for individuals having a professional, scientific or technical interest in patent information. https://www.piug.org/ Annual Biotech Conference patinformatics: Describes the science of analyzing patent information to discover relationships and trends that would be difficult to see when working with patent documents on a one-on-one basis. The term encompasses all forms of analyzing patent information, including the following: Patent intelligence — The use of patent information to identify the technical capabilities of an organization and the use of that intelligence to develop a strategy for strategic technical planning; Patent mapping — Sometimes described as white space mapping, which uses published patent data to create a graphical or physical representation of the relevant art pertaining to a particular subject area or novel invention; Patent citation analysis — the study of patent citations for potentially determining a patent's value or, perhaps more reliably, the identification of potential licensing partners or leads based on the citation of an organization's patents by another company in the same or a completely different market space Patinformatics can also cover additional applications of patent information involving a subsequent analysis step. Anthony Trippe, Patinformatics: Identifying Haystacks from Space, Searcher 10(2): Oct. 2002 http://www.infotoday.com/searcher/oct02/trippe.htm pre-competitive: Biopharmaceutical Research prior art: Definition and relationship to patents, Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_art provisional patent applications: Since June 8, 1995, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has offered inventors the option of filing a provisional application for patent which was designed to provide a lower- cost first patent filing in the United States and to give U.S. applicants parity with foreign applicants under the GATT Uruguay Round Agreements. US PTO, "Provisional Application for Patent, Nov. 29, 2000 http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/provapp.htm A provisional application for patent is a U. S. national application for patent filed in the USPTO under 35 U.S.C. §111(b). It allows filing without a formal patent claim, oath or declaration, or any information disclosure (prior art) statement. It provides the means to establish an early effective filing date in a non- provisional patent application filed under 35 U.S.C. §111(a) and automatically becomes abandoned after one year. It also allows the term "Patent Pending" to be applied. USPTO Glossary reach through provisions: A reach-through claim is one that attempts to cover the basic research of an invention or discovery.[35] It is an "attempt to capture the value of a discovery before it may be a full invention." [36] Specifically, a reach-through claim is one in which "claims for products or uses for products when experimental data is provided for screening methods or tools for the identification of such products." [37] A reach through claim can be thought of as an exception to the general rule about claims.[38] Wikipedia Patent claims list of accessed 2018 Sept 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_patent_claim_types#Reach-through Related term: Material Transfer Agreement MTA
research examption: In patent law,
the research exemption or safe harbor exemption is an
exemption to the rights conferred by patents, which is especially relevant
to drugs.
According to this exemption, despite the patent rights, performing research and
tests for preparing regulatory approval, for instance by the FDA in
the United
States, does not constitute infringement for
a limited term before the end of patent
term.[1] This
exemption allows generic manufacturers to prepare generic
drugs in advance of the patent expiration. royalty stacking: Results from situations such as the development of a particular drug which could involve licensing array technology from one company, high- throughput screening from another, a gene product that was discovered by virtue of a patented SNP from a third, and a small molecule drug candidate that came from a combinatorial target library generated in partnership with a fourth. Each could call for the technology supplier to earn royalty payments on the ultimate drug. Related term: patent stacking safe harbor: See under research exemption SNP patents: unlike patents on genes that code for useful proteins or genes that can be used in diagnosis, have very little practical value on their own. A Biotechnology Patent Pool - The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law jpsl.org/archives/biotechnology-patent-pool-idea-whose-time-has-come/ bib to resources
software patents:
A suggested definition of software patent has been proposed
by the Foundation
for a Free Information Infrastructure (FFII)
as being a "patent on
any performance of a computer realised by means of a computer
program".[1 There
is no legal or conclusive definition for a software patent.[2]
…
In Europe, "computer programs as such" are excluded from patentability,
thus European Patent Office policy is consequently that a program
for a computer is not patentable if it does not have the potential to
cause a "further technical effect" beyond the inherent technical
interactions between hardware and software.
Wikipedia, accessed June 8 2015
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_patent
Software partnership
US PTO
http://www.uspto.gov/patent/initiatives/software-partnership
stealth patents: Patents filed on genes which have been discovered but have unknown function(s). Also known as submarine patents. submarine patents: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_patent technology transfer: There is no widely accepted definition of technology transfer, but, generally speaking, technology transfer is the sharing of knowledge and facilities among: Federal laboratories, Industry, Universities, Federal, state, and local governments , Third party intermediaries. The concept of technology transfer as a practical matter becomes clearer when one understands what technology transfer is designed to accomplish. For instance, the purpose of a federal technology transfer program is to make federally generated scientific and technological developments accessible to private industry and state and local governments. These users are then encouraged to develop the technology further into new products, processes, materials, or services that will enhance our nation's industrial competitiveness or otherwise improve our quality of life. What is Technology Transfer? National Technology Transfer Center, Wheeling College Inc. 1996 http://www.nttc.edu/products/guide/seca01.html Can cover a wide spectrum of activities,
from informal exchanges of ideas between visiting researchers to contractually
structured research collaboration involving the joint use of facilities
and equipment. Only since the late 1980s, however, has technology transfer
become an important mission component of most Federal labs. Some
agencies, however, have long shared their research with the private sector
(e.g., USDA’s Agricultural Research Experiment Stations and NASA’s civilian
aeronautics programs), and several laws passed in the early 1980s encouraged
such sharing — notably, the Stevenson- Wydler Technology Innovation Act
of 1980. National Science Foundation Science and Engineering
Indicators, 2000 http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/seind00/access/toc.htm#chapter2
Technology Transfer federal: The movement of technology from the
federal laboratories to industry and to state and local governments is
achieved through technology transfer. Technology transfer is a process by
which technology developed in one organization, in one area, or for one
purpose is applied in another organization, in another area, or for
another purpose. In the defense arena it is often called “spinoff.”
Technology transfer can have different meanings in different situations.
In some instances, it refers to the transfer of legal rights, such as the
assignment of patent title to a contractor or the licensing of a
government-owned patent to a private firm. In other cases, the transfer
endeavor involves the informal movement of information, knowledge, and
skills through person-to-person interaction. The crucial aspect in a
successful transfer is the actual use of the product or process. Without
this, the benefits from more efficient and effective provision of goods
and services are not achieved. However, while the United States has
perhaps the best basic research enterprise in the world—as evidenced in
part by the large number of Nobel Prizes awarded to American
scientists—other countries sometimes appear more adept at taking the
results of this effort and making commercially viable products to be sold
in U.S. and world markets.2
NIST
WH Schacht 2012
Technology Transfer: Use of Federally Funded Research
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer
trade secret: The fourth type of intellectual property, in addition to patents, trademarks, and copyrights, is trade secrets. Trade secrets consist of information and can include a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, method, technique or process. To meet the most common definition of a trade secret, it must be used in business, and give an opportunity to obtain an economic advantage over competitors who do not know or use it. US Patent & Trademark Office https://www.uspto.gov/patents-getting-started/international-protection/trade-secrets-policy
The precise language by which a trade
secret is defined varies by jurisdiction, as do the particular types of
information that are subject to trade secret protection. Three factors are
common to all such definitions: A trade secret is information that is not
generally known to the public; confers economic benefit on its holder because the
information is not publicly known; and is the subject of reasonable
efforts by the holder to maintain its secrecy. Wikipedia accessed 2018 Aug
26
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret
European
Journal of Human Genetics (2013) 21, 585–588;
doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.217; published online 14 November 2012
The next controversy in genetic testing: clinical data as trade secrets?
Robert Cook-Deegan, John M Conley, James P Evans and
Daniel Vorhaus
http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v21/n6/full/ejhg2012217a.html university-industry partnerships and intellectual property: The protection of intellectual property has been one of the most challenging issues in the recent proliferation of university- industry- government partnerships - largely because costs and benefits associated with protection of intellectual property are distributed unevenly among different sectors. Even though different sectors might share the general goal of providing useful innovations to society, there are vast differences in how people can contribute to this goal. Intellectual Property Rights and Research Tools in Molecular Biology, Summary of a Workshop Held at the National Academy of Sciences, Feb. 15-16, 1996, National Academy Press, 1997 industry https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK233543/
utility
guidelines [Jan.2001]: The utility Guidelines are applicable to all areas of
technology. However, they are particularly relevant in areas of emerging
technologies, such as gene- related technologies, where uses for new materials
that have not been fully characterized are not readily apparent. Press
release, USPTO PUBLISHES FINAL GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING UTILITY OF GENE-
RELATED INVENTIONS, Jan. 4, 2001
http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/speeches/01-01.htm utility patents: May be granted to anyone who invents or discovers any new, useful, and nonobvious process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof. USPTO Glossary W3C patent policy: http://www.w3.org/TR/patent-policy/ WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization: One of the 16 specialized agencies of the United Nations system of organizations. It administers 21 international treaties dealing with different aspects of intellectual property protection. The Organization counts 175 nations as member states. http://www.wipo.org/ An intergovernmental organization of the United Nations system. WIPO is responsible for the promotion of the protection of intellectual property throughout the world and for the administration of various multilateral treaties dealing with the legal and administrative aspects of intellectual property. US PTO Glossary white space mapping: SEE under patinformatics
Intellectual Property and Legal Resources How to look for other unfamiliar biopharmaceutical terms IUPAC definitions are reprinted with the permission of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. |
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