Related glossaries include Biomolecules,
Proteins, Sequences, DNA & beyond
carbohydrate sequence:
The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES,
GLYCOPROTEINS, and GLYCOLIPIDS. MeSH, 1980
carbohydrate
structure:
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide
carbohydrates:
The largest class of organic compounds,
including starches, glycogens, cellulose, gums, and simple sugars. Carbohydrates
are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n. MeSH
Related terms: glycobiology, oligosaccharide,
polysaccharides, saccharides, saccharomics
complex carbohydrates:
Carbohydrates made of two or more sugars.
Ricki Lewis, "Unraveling complex carbohydrates" Scientist 14 (6):
16, Mar. 20, 2000
Related terms: oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
glycoarrays: Carbohydrate arrays
(glycoarrays) have recently emerged as a high-throughput tool for
studying carbohydrate-binding proteins and carbohydrate-processing
enzymes. A number of sophisticated array platforms that allow for
qualitative and quantitative analysis of carbohydrate
binding and
modification on the array surface have been developed, including analysis
by fluorescence spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and
surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Glycoarrays—tools
for determining protein–carbohydrate interactions and glycoenzyme
specificity
Nicolas Laurent,a Josef Voglmeira and Sabine L. Flitsch*a Chemical Communications
Issue 37, 2008
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2008/cc/b806983m#!divAbstract
glycobioinformatics:
a
rapidly developing field providing a vital support for MS-based glycoproteomics
research. Recent advances in MS greatly increased technological capabilities for
high throughput glycopeptide analysis. However, interpreting MS output, in terms
of identifying glycan structures, attachment sites and glycosylation linkages
still presents multiple challenges. Here, we discuss current strategies used in
MS-based glycoproteomics and bioinformatics tools available for MS-based
glycopeptide and glycan analysis. We also provide a brief overview of recent
efforts in glycobioinformatics such as the new initiative UniCarbKB directed
toward developing more comprehensive and unified glycobioinformatics platforms.
Glycobioinformatics: Current strategies and tools for data mining in MS‐based
glycop roteomics,
Feng Li,
Olga V. Glinskii,
Vladislav V. Glinsky
Proteomics 13(2) 2013 Jan
https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201200149
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23175233
glycobiology:
The objectives of the Society for Glycobiology shall be to promote knowledge, encourage research, and to stimulate personal communications, in an
inter- disciplinary sense, using as a common meeting ground an interest in the complex
carbohydrates of glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosaminoglycans, and the biological systems in which they are found.
Society for Glycobiology
http://glycobiology.org/About-SFG.aspx
Includes glycoconjugates (including glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans or free complex saccharides) or on any aspect of proteins that specifically
interact with glycoconjugates (e.g. lectins, glycotransferases, glycosidases).
Scope note of Glycobiology, Oxford Univ. Press http://glycob.oxfordjournals.org/
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycobiology
glycoconjugates:
A type of compound consisting of carbohydrate
units covalently linked with other types of chemical constituents. IUPAC
Compendium
Various types of compound consisting of carbohydrates
covalently linked with other types of chemical constituent are classified under
the general name of glycoconjugates. The major groups of glycoconjugates
are the glycoproteins, glycopeptides, peptidoglycans, glycolipids and
lipopolysaccharides. [Nomenclature of glycoproteins, glycopeptides and
peptidoglycans, IUPAC- IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, 1985 http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/misc/glycp.html
glycodendrimers:
Multivalent neoglycoconjugates with well-defined
structures have considerable potential as inhibitors of cell surface
protein-carbohydrate interactions and as tools for studying such recognition
processes in vitro. In this review, we outline strategies and synthetic methods
for making one such class of neoglycoconjugates based on dendrimers--the
so-called glycodendrimers. Design
and synthesis of glycodendrimers. Turnbull
WB, Stoddart JF J Biotechnol.
2002 May;90(3-4):231-55 .
glycoengineering:
Delivery of protein therapeutics often requires frequent injections because of
low activity or rapid clearance, thereby placing a burden on patients and
caregivers. Using glycoengineering, we have increased and prolonged the activity
of proteins, thus allowing reduced frequency of administration. Glycosylation
analogs with new N-linked glycosylation consensus sequences introduced into the
protein were screened for the presence of additional N-linked carbohydrates and
retention of in vitro activity. Suitable consensus sequences were
combined in one molecule, resulting in glycosylation analogs of rHuEPO, leptin,
and Mpl ligand. All three molecules had substantially increased in vivo
activity and prolonged duration of action. Because these proteins were of three
different classes (rHuEPO is an N-linked glycoprotein, Mpl ligand an O-linked
glycoprotein, and leptin contains no carbohydrate), glycoengineering may be
generally applicable as a strategy for increasing the in vivo activity
and duration of action of proteins. S. Elliott et. al., Enhancement of
therapeutic protein in vivo activities through glycoengineering, Nature
Biotechnology 21(4): 414- 421, April 2003
glycogenomics:
Many glycosylated metabolites are important pharmaceutical agents. Herein, we
introduce glycogenomics as a new genome-mining method that links metabolomics
and genomics for the rapid identification and characterization of bioactive
microbial GNPs. Glycogenomics identifies glycosyl groups in microbial
metabolomes by tandem mass spectrometry and links this chemical signature
through a glycogenetic code to glycosylation genes in a microbial genome.
Glycogenomics as a MS-guided genome mining tool Roland
D. Kersten, Nadine Ziemert, David J. Gonzalez, Brendan
M.Duggan, Victor Nizet, Pieter C. Dorrestein, Bradley S. Moore Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences Nov
2013, 110 (47) E4407-E4416; DOI:10.1073/pnas.1315492110
http://www.pnas.org/content/110/47/E4407
glycolipids:
Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide
residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an
acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid)
or a prenyl phosphate. MeSH, 1966, from IUPAC's webpage
glycome:
The glycome is the entire complement of sugars,
whether free or present in more complex molecules,
of an organism. An
alternative definition is
the entirety of carbohydrates in
a cell. The glycome
may in fact be one of the most complex entities in nature
… "Carbohydrate", "glycan",
"saccharide", and "sugar"
are generic terms used interchangeably in this context and includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides,
and derivatives of these compounds. Carbohydrates consist of “hydrated carbon”,
i.e. [CH2O]n. Monosaccharides are a carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed into
a simpler carbohydrate and are the building blocks of oligosaccharides and
polysaccharides. Oligosaccharides are linear or branched chains of
monosaccharides attached to one another via glycosidic linkages. The number of
monosaccharide units can vary. Polysaccharides are glycans composed of repeating
monosaccharides, generally greater than ten monosaccharide units in length.[2]
The glycome exceeds the complexity of the proteome as
a result of the even greater diversity of the glycome's constituent
carbohydrates and is further complicated by the sheer multiplicity of
possibilities in the combination and interaction of the carbohydrates with each
other and with proteins.
"The spectrum of all glycan structures — the glycome — is immense. In humans,
its size is orders of magnitude greater than the number of proteins that are
encoded by the genome, one percent of which encodes proteins that make, modify,
localize or bind sugar chains, which are known as glycans."[3]
Wikipedia accessed 2018 Aug 24
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycome
glycomics: the
comprehensive study of glycomes (the
entire complement of sugars,
whether free or present in more complex molecules of
an organism),
including genetic, physiologic, pathologic, and other aspects.[1][2] Glycomics
"is the systematic study of all glycan structures
of a given cell type or organism" and is a subset of glycobiology.[3] The
term glycomics is derived from the chemical prefix for sweetness or a sugar,
"glyco-", and was formed to follow the omics naming
convention established by genomics (which
deals with genes)
and proteomics (which
deals with proteins).
Wikipedia accessed 2018 Aug 24
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycomics
Related term: saccharomics
glycomimetics:
A new class of small-molecule drugs, known as glycomimetics. These compounds
mimic the bioactive function of carbohydrates and address the drawbacks of
carbohydrate leads, namely their low activity and insufficient drug-like
properties. From
carbohydrate leads to glycomimetic drugs Beat Ernst1
& John L. Magnani1
Nature
Reviews Drug Discovery 8,
661-677 (August
2009) |
doi:10.1038/nrd2852
glyconanotechnology:
Notable
advances in the field of nanotechnology have allowed the synthesis of unique
nanomaterials for biomedicine. Glyconanotechnology has materialized as an
important field by combining the biochemical and biological properties of carbohydrates with that of the unique properties of materials in the
nanoscale. Coupled with their nanoscale dimensions, high surface area, and
unique electronic, optical and magnetic properties, the chemistry on the surface
are carefully tailored for the therapeutic and diagnostic needs of such
nano-systems. The use of carbohydrate nanomaterials have proved to be an
excellent approach in mimicking biological entities as well as in overcoming
toxicity issues and enhancing targeting potentials of such materials. The
carbohydrate-mediated molecular recognition is also extensively exploited for
better understanding of the dynamic cellular events as well as in the mechanism
of uptake and release of potential therapeutic drugs and proteins.
Glyconanotechnology Symposium, World Biomaterials Congress
May 2016 http://canadianglycomics.ca/event/glyconanotechnology-symposium-world-biomaterials-congress/
glyconomics:
the study of all glycan structures, and relies
on the correlation of glycan structure with function by using effective
enzymatic and analytical techniques.
https://sussexresearchblog.wordpress.com/
This term
is used far less often than the related terms glycobiology and glycotechnology.
See
FAQ question #3 for quantifying
methodology.
glycopeptides:
Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups
attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the
predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the
total weight. MeSH, 1973
glycoscience:
Carbohydrates play critical roles in nearly every aspect of biology, but the
complexity of carbohydrate chemistry makes glycan synthesis, sequencing, and
study inaccessible to most biomedical researchers. The Glycoscience program aims
to create new methodologies and resources in the study of glycans that are
accessible to the broader research community. NIH Common Fund, Glycoscience
https://commonfund.nih.gov/glycoscience
Genes encoding a large number of
glycosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of the sugar chains have been
cloned, and a systematic analysis of their functions has been promoted. Under
these circumstances, studies in glycoscience are being focused on examining the
significance of various types of sugar chain structures and elucidating the
mechanisms of biological regulation for carbohydrate synthesis In Japan, many
studies on complex carbohydrates have long been accomplished by members of the
research groups supported by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and
Culture (MESSC). "From the Genome Research Era to the Glycome: An interview with
Professor Naoyuki Taniguch" Glycoforum, Japan 2000 http://www.glycoforum.gr.jp/science/now/now3E.html
Related terms carbohydrates, glycobiology, glycotechnology,
oligosaccharide
glycosylation:
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylation
Broader term: Proteins
Glossary post- translational modifications
glycosylation end products, advanced:
Products
derived from the nonenzymatic reaction of glucose and proteins in vivo
that exhibit a yellow- brown pigmentation and an ability to participate in
protein- protein cross- linking. These substances are involved in biological
processes relating to protein turnover and it is believed that their excessive
accumulation contributes to the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus.
MeSH, 1993
glycotechnology:
Glycoconjugates
existing on cell surfaces play important roles in development, immunity, and as
ligands of various molecules. Our research objective is to investigate the
chemical information contained in carbohydrates at the molecular level.
Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life
Sciences (MITILS) Japan
http://www008.upp.so-net.ne.jp/kokanee/front.html
Related terms: carbohydrates,
glycobiology, glycoscience, oligosaccharide;
Narrower
term: glycotechnology- analytical
lectins:
Proteins
that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some
ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to
carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are
carbohydrate- binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their
hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur
in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific
carbohydrate recognition. MeSH 2003
National Center
for Functional Glycomics:
https://ncfg.hms.harvard.edu/
oligosaccharides:
Carbohydrates consisting of between two and
ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta- glycosidic link.
They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. MeSH
Includes disaccharides, trisaccharides; Broader term:
polysaccharides
polysaccharides:
Compounds consisting of a large number
of monosaccharides linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only
for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues. Also
called glycans. .IUPAC Compendium
As nouns the difference between carbohydrate and polysaccharide
is that carbohydrate is
(organic chemistry|nutrition) a sugar, starch, or cellulose that is a food
source of energy for an animal or plant; a saccharide while polysaccharide is
(carbohydrate) a polymer made of many saccharide units linked by
glycosidic bonds.
https://wikidiff.com/carbohydrate/polysaccharide
proteoglycan:
A subclass of protein in which the carbohydrate
units are polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. The protein is glycosylated
by one or more (up to about 100) glycosaminoglycans [linear polymers of
up to about 2000 repeating disaccharide units. IUPAC Compendium
Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.
MeSH, 1977 Related terms:
glycoscience, polysaccharides.
SAAH Sugar Amino Acid Hybrids:
a class of molecules that combine the structural features of carbohydrates
and amino acids. Over the years, a variety of naturally occurring SAAHs
have been found to display important biological activity. This
presentation will describe our efforts in the design and synthesis of
unnatural SAAHs by means of combinatorial synthesis. Sugar-Amino Acid
Hybrids: A New Structural Motif for Presenting Drug Pharmacophores Dr.
Frank Schweizer, Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Department of
Chemistry, University of Manitoba Glycomics 2003
http://www.healthtech.com/2003/gly/index.asp
saccharides:
Monosaccharides and di-, oligo- and polysaccharides,
which are made up of n monosaccharide units linked to each other by a glycosidic
bond. Considered by some to be synonymous with carbohydrates. IUPAC
Compendium
Glyco resources
GlycoWord, GlycoForum, Japan, 2001, 100+ terms and subjects. http://www.glycoforum.gr.jp/science/word/wordE.html#indexW
Up- to- the - minute guide to modern glycoscience.
Nomenclature of glycoproteins, glycopeptides and
peptidoglycans, IUPAC- IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, 1985 http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/misc/glycp.html
IUPAC
Carbohydrate nomenclature project, 2013
https://iupac.org/projects/project-details/?project_nr=2012-039-2-800
Progress
https://iupac.org/projects/project-details/?project_nr=2012-039-2-800
How
to look for other unfamiliar terms
IUPAC definitions are reprinted with the permission of
the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
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